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https://adoption.com/wiki/What_Does_Special_Needs_Adoption_Mean
What Does Special Needs Adoption Mean
2022-10-14T07:12:25Z
<p>Admin: </p>
<hr />
<div>In [[adoption]], the phrase “[[Special Needs|special needs]]” can apply to almost any child or youth [[adopted]] from foster care. The term is used in State laws to indicate eligibility for Federal financial assistance, so it is a term that adoptive families hear often. However, the term “Special Needs” is almost universally disliked by [[adoption]] professionals and youth in foster care because of its potential to be misunderstood and its negative connotations.<br />
<br />
What exactly does the term “Special Needs” mean in foster care and [[adoption]]? This information presents some common questions about adopting a child or youth with Special Needs and provides resources that will give you detailed answers.<br />
<br />
CONTENTS<br />
1 Definitions<br />
1.1 What Is My State’s Definition Of Special Needs For Foster Care [[Adoption]]?1.2 What Does The Term “Special Needs” Mean In Intercountry [[Adoption]]?2 Eligibility<br />
2.1 Who May [[Adopt]] A Child Or Youth With Special Needs?2.2 I Have More Questions About My Eligibility To Adopt3 Making The Decision<br />
3.1 How Can I Know If I Can Meet The Challenges Of Parenting A Child Or Youth With Special Needs?3.2 I Have More Questions About What [[Adoption]] Would Involve For Me And My Family3.3 What Has Life Been Like In The Foster Care [[System]] For Children And Youth With Special Needs?3.4 How Can I Find Out About Children And Youth With Special Needs Who Need Families?4 Getting Started<br />
4.1 To [[Adopt]] A Child Or Youth With Special Needs In The United States, Where Do I Start?4.2 What About Adopting A Child Or Youth With Special Needs From A Foreign Country?5 Financial And Health-Care Assistance<br />
5.1 Where Can I Find Out About Recurring Or Nonrecurring [[Adoption Assistance]]?5.2 I Have More Questions About Obtaining [[Adoption Assistance]] From My State5.3 Are There Tax Credits For [[Adoption]]?6 Postadoption Services<br />
6.1 Are There Services Available To Help My Family After A Child Or Youth Is Placed With Us?6.2 I Have More Questions About Postadoption Issues And Services6.3 Where Can I Learn More About Parenting A Child Or Youth With Disabilities Or Special Needs?7 ResourceDefinitions<br />
Many people think “Special Needs” are medical, physical, or emotional disabilities. But within the foster care and child welfare systems, a child or youth with Special Needs has a factor or condition (uniquely defined by each State) that may involve any of the following:<br />
<br />
Ethnic or racial background<br />
Age<br />
Membership in a sibling group<br />
Medical, physical, or emotional disabilities<br />
Risk of physical, mental, or emotional disability based on birth family history<br />
Any condition that makes it more difficult to find an adoptive family<br />
These broader definitions of “Special Needs” may be used to determine eligibility for Federal financial assistance for [[adoption]] of children and youth from the U.S. foster care [[system]]. While there’s no single Federal definition of Special Needs, according to title IV-E of the Social Security Act, a child or youth with Special Needs must also meet the following two requirements to be eligible for Federal [[Adoption Assistance|adoption assistance]]:<br />
<br />
The child or youth cannot or should not be returned home to his or her parent(s).<br />
An unsuccessful attempt was made to place the child or youth without [[adoption]] (financial) assistance, except in cases where such a placement would not have been in the best interests of the child or youth.<br />
What is my State’s definition of Special Needs for foster care [[adoption]]?<br />
Definitions for every State, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico are listed here: http://www.childwelfare.gov/<br />
<br />
What does the term “Special Needs” mean in intercountry [[adoption]]?<br />
Agencies that place children and youth through intercountry [[adoption]] may use the term more commonly to refer to children with physical or developmental disabilities, or other conditions that make it less likely that they will find a family easily. A child or youth with Special Needs from another country does not qualify for Federal [[Adoption Assistance|adoption assistance]]; a full explanation is in the Children’s Bureau Child Welfare Policy Manual: http://www.acf.hhs.gov/<br />
<br />
More information is available here: http://nacac.org/<br />
<br />
Eligibility<br />
Who may [[adopt]] a child or youth with Special Needs?<br />
There is no specific legal requirement for families to be eligible to [[adopt]] a child or youth with Special Needs. Families often make the decision about parenting a child or youth with Special Needs with their [[adoption]] worker or agency, depending on their capacity to parent a particular child or youth in whom they may be interested. Here is a summary of State laws about who may [[adopt]], be [[adopted]], and place a child for [[adoption]]: http://www.childwelfare.gov/<br />
<br />
I have more questions about my eligibility to [[adopt]]<br />
Answers about age, health, gender, background checks, sexual orientation, and more can be found here: http://www.childwelfare.gov/<br />
<br />
Making the Decision<br />
How can I know if I can meet the challenges of parenting a child or youth with [Special Needs|]?<br />
Talking with other experienced [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]] is one of the best ways to determine if adopting a child or youth from foster care is the right decision for your family. You can find a foster/adoptive parent support group in your area in the National Foster Care and [[Adoption]] Directory: http://www.childwelfare.gov/<br />
<br />
At least two States have produced self-assessment guides for prospective parents that can help you make informed decisions: http://www.iowakidsnet.com/<br />
http://www.adoptkckids.org/<br />
<br />
<br />
What has life been like in the foster care [[system]] for children and youth with Special Needs?<br />
Many children and youth with Special Needs have been removed from their families because of [[abuse]] or [[neglect]]. Many also have experienced multiple moves in foster care. “A Child’s Journey Through the Child Welfare [[System]]” can give you some idea: http://pewfostercare.org/<br />
<br />
More information about common characteristics of children and youth waiting for families, including children with Special Needs, can be found here: http://www.childwelfare.gov/<br />
<br />
How can I find out about children and youth with Special Needs who need families?<br />
Photolisting services have pictures and descriptions of children and youth in State foster care systems who are available for [[adoption]] and waiting for families. AdoptUsKids is the only federally funded, national photolisting service for children and youth in foster care waiting for permanent families: http://www.adoptuskids.org/<br />
<br />
This webpage lists photolistings by State: http://www.childwelfare.gov/<br />
<br />
[[Adoption Exchanges|Adoption exchanges]] provide [[adoption]] information and often promote the [[adoption]] of children and youth with Special Needs. They use print, radio, TV, and the Internet to recruit adoptive families. This webpage has links to [[adoption]] exchange websites sponsored by State child welfare agencies: http://www.childwelfare.gov/<br />
<br />
Getting Started<br />
To [[adopt]] a child or youth with Special Needs in the United States, where do I start?<br />
This factsheet gives the basics of any [[adoption]] process and offers resources for each step.<br />
<br />
Here’s a guide to the seven basic steps of the journey to adopting children or youth from the U.S. foster care [[system]]: http://www.adoptuskids.org/<br />
<br />
What about adopting a child or youth with Special Needs from a foreign country?<br />
The State Department website has information on all kinds of intercountry [[adoption]]: http://adoption.state.gov The factsheet Intercountry [[Adoption]]: Where Do I Start? covers many essential elements: http://www.childwelfare.gov/<br />
<br />
Financial and Health-Care Assistance<br />
Where can I find out about recurring or nonrecurring [[Adoption Assistance|adoption assistance]]?<br />
Find information on Federal and State [[Adoption Assistance for Children Adopted From Foster Care|adoption assistance for children adopted from foster care]]:<br />
<br />
I have more questions about obtaining [[Adoption Assistance|adoption assistance]] from my State<br />
Find answers here to 13 State-specific topics: http://www.childwelfare.gov/ This site has State-by-State [[Adoption Assistance|adoption assistance]] information: http://www.nacac.org/ Here are additional resources searchable by State: http://www.childwelfare.gov/<br />
<br />
Are there tax credits for [[adoption]]?<br />
Read the IRS explanation of qualified [[adoption]] expenses: http://www.irs.gov/ “Claiming the Federal [[Adoption Tax Credit]] for Special Needs Adoptions” explains more: http://www.nacac.org/<br />
<br />
Postadoption Services<br />
Are there services available to help my family after a child or youth is placed with us?<br />
There are postadoption services that help with a range of issues: http://www.childwelfare.gov/<br />
<br />
I have more questions about postadoption issues and services<br />
Here are resources that include information on counseling, support groups, training, birth [[records]], and more: http://www.childwelfare.gov/<br />
Where can I learn more about parenting a child or youth with disabilities or Special Needs?<br />
Here is a list of [[organizations]] that help children and youth with disabilities and Special Needs and their families: <br />
<br />
<br />
Return to Special Needs.<br />
<br />
Resource<br />
Child Welfare Information Gateway. Available online at https://www.childwelfare.gov/</div>
Admin
https://adoption.com/wiki/What_Does_Special_Needs_Adoption_Mean
What Does Special Needs Adoption Mean
2022-10-14T07:08:20Z
<p>Admin: </p>
<hr />
<div>In [[adoption]], the phrase “[[Special Needs|special needs]]” can apply to almost any child or youth [[adopted]] from foster care. The term is used in State laws to indicate eligibility for Federal financial assistance, so it is a term that adoptive families hear often. However, the term “Special Needs” is almost universally disliked by [[adoption]] professionals and youth in foster care because of its potential to be misunderstood and its negative connotations.<br />
<br />
What exactly does the term “Special Needs” mean in foster care and [[adoption]]? This information presents some common questions about adopting a child or youth with Special Needs and provides resources that will give you detailed answers.<br />
<br />
CONTENTS<br />
1 Definitions<br />
1.1 What Is My State’s Definition Of Special Needs For Foster Care [[Adoption]]?1.2 What Does The Term “Special Needs” Mean In Intercountry [[Adoption]]?2 Eligibility<br />
2.1 Who May [[Adopt]] A Child Or Youth With Special Needs?2.2 I Have More Questions About My Eligibility To Adopt3 Making The Decision<br />
3.1 How Can I Know If I Can Meet The Challenges Of Parenting A Child Or Youth With Special Needs?3.2 I Have More Questions About What [[Adoption]] Would Involve For Me And My Family3.3 What Has Life Been Like In The Foster Care [[System]] For Children And Youth With Special Needs?3.4 How Can I Find Out About Children And Youth With Special Needs Who Need Families?4 Getting Started<br />
4.1 To [[Adopt]] A Child Or Youth With Special Needs In The United States, Where Do I Start?4.2 What About Adopting A Child Or Youth With Special Needs From A Foreign Country?5 Financial And Health-Care Assistance<br />
5.1 Where Can I Find Out About Recurring Or Nonrecurring [[Adoption Assistance]]?5.2 I Have More Questions About Obtaining [[Adoption Assistance]] From My State5.3 Are There Tax Credits For [[Adoption]]?6 Postadoption Services<br />
6.1 Are There Services Available To Help My Family After A Child Or Youth Is Placed With Us?6.2 I Have More Questions About Postadoption Issues And Services6.3 Where Can I Learn More About Parenting A Child Or Youth With Disabilities Or Special Needs?7 ResourceDefinitions<br />
Many people think “Special Needs” are medical, physical, or emotional disabilities. But within the foster care and child welfare systems, a child or youth with Special Needs has a factor or condition (uniquely defined by each State) that may involve any of the following:<br />
<br />
Ethnic or racial background<br />
Age<br />
Membership in a sibling group<br />
Medical, physical, or emotional disabilities<br />
Risk of physical, mental, or emotional disability based on birth family history<br />
Any condition that makes it more difficult to find an adoptive family<br />
These broader definitions of “Special Needs” may be used to determine eligibility for Federal financial assistance for [[adoption]] of children and youth from the U.S. foster care [[system]]. While there’s no single Federal definition of Special Needs, according to title IV-E of the Social Security Act, a child or youth with Special Needs must also meet the following two requirements to be eligible for Federal [[Adoption Assistance|adoption assistance]]:<br />
<br />
The child or youth cannot or should not be returned home to his or her parent(s).<br />
An unsuccessful attempt was made to place the child or youth without [[adoption]] (financial) assistance, except in cases where such a placement would not have been in the best interests of the child or youth.<br />
What is my State’s definition of Special Needs for foster care [[adoption]]?<br />
Definitions for every State, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico are listed here: http://www.childwelfare.gov/<br />
<br />
What does the term “Special Needs” mean in intercountry [[adoption]]?<br />
Agencies that place children and youth through intercountry [[adoption]] may use the term more commonly to refer to children with physical or developmental disabilities, or other conditions that make it less likely that they will find a family easily. A child or youth with Special Needs from another country does not qualify for Federal [[Adoption Assistance|adoption assistance]]; a full explanation is in the Children’s Bureau Child Welfare Policy Manual: http://www.acf.hhs.gov/<br />
<br />
More information is available here: http://nacac.org/<br />
<br />
Eligibility<br />
Who may [[adopt]] a child or youth with Special Needs?<br />
There is no specific legal requirement for families to be eligible to [[adopt]] a child or youth with Special Needs. Families often make the decision about parenting a child or youth with Special Needs with their [[adoption]] worker or agency, depending on their capacity to parent a particular child or youth in whom they may be interested. Here is a summary of State laws about who may [[adopt]], be [[adopted]], and place a child for [[adoption]]: http://www.childwelfare.gov/<br />
<br />
I have more questions about my eligibility to [[adopt]]<br />
Answers about age, health, gender, background checks, sexual orientation, and more can be found here: http://www.childwelfare.gov/<br />
<br />
Making the Decision<br />
How can I know if I can meet the challenges of parenting a child or youth with [Special Needs|]?<br />
Talking with other experienced [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]] is one of the best ways to determine if adopting a child or youth from foster care is the right decision for your family. You can find a foster/adoptive parent support group in your area in the National Foster Care and [[Adoption]] Directory: http://www.childwelfare.gov/<br />
<br />
At least two States have produced self-assessment guides for prospective parents that can help you make informed decisions: http://www.iowakidsnet.com/<br />
http://www.adoptkckids.org/<br />
<br />
I have more questions about what [[adoption]] would involve for me and my family<br />
There is a lot for families to think about and learn before making the decision to [[adopt]]. http://www.childwelfare.gov/<br />
Here are some questions you can ask your agency or [[caseworker]], as well as information about expectations and financial concerns: http://www.adoptuskids.org/<br />
<br />
What has life been like in the foster care [[system]] for children and youth with Special Needs?<br />
Many children and youth with Special Needs have been removed from their families because of [[abuse]] or [[neglect]]. Many also have experienced multiple moves in foster care. “A Child’s Journey Through the Child Welfare [[System]]” can give you some idea: http://pewfostercare.org/<br />
<br />
More information about common characteristics of children and youth waiting for families, including children with Special Needs, can be found here: http://www.childwelfare.gov/<br />
<br />
How can I find out about children and youth with Special Needs who need families?<br />
Photolisting services have pictures and descriptions of children and youth in State foster care systems who are available for [[adoption]] and waiting for families. AdoptUsKids is the only federally funded, national photolisting service for children and youth in foster care waiting for permanent families: http://www.adoptuskids.org/<br />
<br />
This webpage lists photolistings by State: http://www.childwelfare.gov/<br />
<br />
[[Adoption Exchanges|Adoption exchanges]] provide [[adoption]] information and often promote the [[adoption]] of children and youth with Special Needs. They use print, radio, TV, and the Internet to recruit adoptive families. This webpage has links to [[adoption]] exchange websites sponsored by State child welfare agencies: http://www.childwelfare.gov/<br />
<br />
Getting Started<br />
To [[adopt]] a child or youth with Special Needs in the United States, where do I start?<br />
This factsheet gives the basics of any [[adoption]] process and offers resources for each step.<br />
<br />
Here’s a guide to the seven basic steps of the journey to adopting children or youth from the U.S. foster care [[system]]: http://www.adoptuskids.org/<br />
<br />
What about adopting a child or youth with Special Needs from a foreign country?<br />
The State Department website has information on all kinds of intercountry [[adoption]]: http://adoption.state.gov The factsheet Intercountry [[Adoption]]: Where Do I Start? covers many essential elements: http://www.childwelfare.gov/<br />
<br />
Financial and Health-Care Assistance<br />
Where can I find out about recurring or nonrecurring [[Adoption Assistance|adoption assistance]]?<br />
Find information on Federal and State [[Adoption Assistance for Children Adopted From Foster Care|adoption assistance for children adopted from foster care]]:<br />
<br />
I have more questions about obtaining [[Adoption Assistance|adoption assistance]] from my State<br />
Find answers here to 13 State-specific topics: http://www.childwelfare.gov/ This site has State-by-State [[Adoption Assistance|adoption assistance]] information: http://www.nacac.org/ Here are additional resources searchable by State: http://www.childwelfare.gov/<br />
<br />
Are there tax credits for [[adoption]]?<br />
Read the IRS explanation of qualified [[adoption]] expenses: http://www.irs.gov/ “Claiming the Federal [[Adoption Tax Credit]] for Special Needs Adoptions” explains more: http://www.nacac.org/<br />
<br />
Postadoption Services<br />
Are there services available to help my family after a child or youth is placed with us?<br />
There are postadoption services that help with a range of issues: http://www.childwelfare.gov/<br />
<br />
I have more questions about postadoption issues and services<br />
Here are resources that include information on counseling, support groups, training, birth [[records]], and more: http://www.childwelfare.gov/<br />
Where can I learn more about parenting a child or youth with disabilities or Special Needs?<br />
Here is a list of [[organizations]] that help children and youth with disabilities and Special Needs and their families: <br />
<br />
<br />
Return to Special Needs.<br />
<br />
Resource<br />
Child Welfare Information Gateway. Available online at https://www.childwelfare.gov/</div>
Admin
https://adoption.com/wiki/What_Does_Special_Needs_Adoption_Mean
What Does Special Needs Adoption Mean
2022-10-14T06:56:36Z
<p>Admin: </p>
<hr />
<div>In [[adoption]], the phrase “[[Special Needs|special needs]]” can apply to almost any child or youth [[adopted]] from foster care. The term is used in State laws to indicate eligibility for Federal financial assistance, so it is a term that adoptive families hear often. However, the term “[Special Needs]” is almost universally disliked by [[adoption]] professionals and youth in foster care because of its potential to be misunderstood and its negative connotations.<br />
<br />
What exactly does the term “[Special Needs]” mean in foster care and [[adoption]]? This information presents some common questions about adopting a child or youth with [Special Needs] and provides resources that will give you detailed answers.<br />
<br />
CONTENTS<br />
1 Definitions<br />
1.1 What Is My State’s Definition Of [Special Needs] For Foster Care [[Adoption]]?1.2 What Does The Term “[Special Needs]” Mean In Intercountry [[Adoption]]?2 Eligibility<br />
2.1 Who May [[Adopt]] A Child Or Youth With [Special Needs]?2.2 I Have More Questions About My Eligibility To Adopt3 Making The Decision<br />
3.1 How Can I Know If I Can Meet The Challenges Of Parenting A Child Or Youth With [Special Needs]?3.2 I Have More Questions About What [[Adoption]] Would Involve For Me And My Family3.3 What Has Life Been Like In The Foster Care [[System]] For Children And Youth With [Special Needs]?3.4 How Can I Find Out About Children And Youth With [Special Needs] Who Need Families?4 Getting Started<br />
4.1 To [[Adopt]] A Child Or Youth With [Special Needs] In The United States, Where Do I Start?4.2 What About Adopting A Child Or Youth With [Special Needs] From A Foreign Country?5 Financial And Health-Care Assistance<br />
5.1 Where Can I Find Out About Recurring Or Nonrecurring [[Adoption Assistance]]?5.2 I Have More Questions About Obtaining [[Adoption Assistance]] From My State5.3 Are There Tax Credits For [[Adoption]]?6 Postadoption Services<br />
6.1 Are There Services Available To Help My Family After A Child Or Youth Is Placed With Us?6.2 I Have More Questions About Postadoption Issues And Services6.3 Where Can I Learn More About Parenting A Child Or Youth With Disabilities Or [Special Needs]?7 ResourceDefinitions<br />
Many people think “[Special Needs]” are medical, physical, or emotional disabilities. But within the foster care and child welfare systems, a child or youth with [Special Needs] has a factor or condition (uniquely defined by each State) that may involve any of the following:<br />
<br />
Ethnic or racial background<br />
Age<br />
Membership in a sibling group<br />
Medical, physical, or emotional disabilities<br />
Risk of physical, mental, or emotional disability based on birth family history<br />
Any condition that makes it more difficult to find an adoptive family<br />
These broader definitions of “[Special Needs]” may be used to determine eligibility for Federal financial assistance for [[adoption]] of children and youth from the U.S. foster care [[system]]. While there’s no single Federal definition of [Special Needs], according to title IV-E of the Social Security Act, a child or youth with [Special Needs] must also meet the following two requirements to be eligible for Federal [[Adoption Assistance|adoption assistance]]:<br />
<br />
The child or youth cannot or should not be returned home to his or her parent(s).<br />
An unsuccessful attempt was made to place the child or youth without [[adoption]] (financial) assistance, except in cases where such a placement would not have been in the best interests of the child or youth.<br />
What is my State’s definition of [Special Needs] for foster care [[adoption]]?<br />
Definitions for every State, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico are listed here: http://www.childwelfare.gov/adoption/adopt_assistance/questions.cfm?quest_id=1<br />
<br />
What does the term “[Special Needs]” mean in intercountry [[adoption]]?<br />
Agencies that place children and youth through intercountry [[adoption]] may use the term more commonly to refer to children with physical or developmental disabilities, or other conditions that make it less likely that they will find a family easily. A child or youth with [Special Needs] from another country does not qualify for Federal [[Adoption Assistance|adoption assistance]]; a full explanation is in the Children’s Bureau Child Welfare Policy Manual: http://www.acf.hhs.gov/cwpm/programs/cb/laws_policies/laws/cwpm/policy_dsp.jsp?citID=175<br />
<br />
More information is available here: http://nacac.org/adoptionsubsidy/factsheets/internationaladoption.html<br />
<br />
Eligibility<br />
Who may [[adopt]] a child or youth with [Special Needs]?<br />
There is no specific legal requirement for families to be eligible to [[adopt]] a child or youth with [Special Needs]. Families often make the decision about parenting a child or youth with [Special Needs] with their [[adoption]] worker or agency, depending on their capacity to parent a particular child or youth in whom they may be interested. Here is a summary of State laws about who may [[adopt]], be [[adopted]], and place a child for [[adoption]]: http://www.childwelfare.gov/systemwide/laws_policies/statutes/parties.cfm<br />
<br />
I have more questions about my eligibility to [[adopt]]<br />
Answers about age, health, gender, background checks, sexual orientation, and more can be found here: http://www.childwelfare.gov/adoption/adoptive/whocan.cfm<br />
<br />
Making the Decision<br />
How can I know if I can meet the challenges of parenting a child or youth with [Special Needs|]?<br />
Talking with other experienced [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]] is one of the best ways to determine if adopting a child or youth from foster care is the right decision for your family. You can find a foster/adoptive parent support group in your area in the National Foster Care and [[Adoption]] Directory: http://www.childwelfare.gov/nfcad<br />
<br />
At least two States have produced self-assessment guides for prospective parents that can help you make informed decisions: http://www.iowakidsnet.com/userfiles/File/Foster_Parent_Assessment_Guide.pdf http://www.adoptkckids.org/files/AdoptKCKids_Self_Assessment_Guide2.pdf<br />
<br />
I have more questions about what [[adoption]] would involve for me and my family<br />
There is a lot for families to think about and learn before making the decision to [[adopt]]. http://www.childwelfare.gov/adoption/adoptive/before_adoption.cfm Here are some questions you can ask your agency or [[caseworker]], as well as information about expectations and financial concerns: http://www.adoptuskids.org/resourceCenter/7steps/documents/AdoptionTips.pdf<br />
<br />
What has life been like in the foster care [[system]] for children and youth with [Special Needs]?<br />
Many children and youth with [Special Needs] have been removed from their families because of [[abuse]] or [[neglect]]. Many also have experienced multiple moves in foster care. “A Child’s Journey Through the Child Welfare [[System]]” can give you some idea: http://pewfostercare.org/research/docs/journey.pdf<br />
<br />
More information about common characteristics of children and youth waiting for families, including children with [Special Needs], can be found here: http://www.childwelfare.gov/adoption/adoptive/characteristics.cfm<br />
<br />
How can I find out about children and youth with [Special Needs] who need families?<br />
Photolisting services have pictures and descriptions of children and youth in State foster care systems who are available for [[adoption]] and waiting for families. AdoptUsKids is the only federally funded, national photolisting service for children and youth in foster care waiting for permanent families: http://www.adoptuskids.org/Child/ChildSearch.aspx<br />
<br />
This webpage lists photolistings by State: http://www.childwelfare.gov/pubs/reslist/rl_dsp_website.cfm?typeID=82&rate_chno=AZ-0005E<br />
<br />
[[Adoption Exchanges|Adoption exchanges]] provide [[adoption]] information and often promote the [[adoption]] of children and youth with [Special Needs]. They use print, radio, TV, and the Internet to recruit adoptive families. This webpage has links to [[adoption]] exchange websites sponsored by State child welfare agencies: http://www.childwelfare.gov/pubs/reslist/rl_dsp_website.cfm?typeID=81&rate_chno=AZ-0003E<br />
<br />
Getting Started<br />
To [[adopt]] a child or youth with [Special Needs] in the United States, where do I start?<br />
This factsheet gives the basics of any [[adoption]] process and offers resources for each step: http://www.childwelfare.gov/pubs/f_start.cfm<br />
<br />
Here’s a guide to the seven basic steps of the journey to adopting children or youth from the U.S. foster care [[system]]: http://www.adoptuskids.org/resourceCenter/7steps/7StepJourney.aspx<br />
<br />
What about adopting a child or youth with [Special Needs] from a foreign country?<br />
The State Department website has information on all kinds of intercountry [[adoption]]: http://adoption.state.gov The factsheet Intercountry [[Adoption]]: Where Do I Start? covers many essential elements: http://www.childwelfare.gov/pubs/f_inter/index.cfm<br />
<br />
Financial and Health-Care Assistance<br />
Where can I find out about recurring or nonrecurring [[Adoption Assistance|adoption assistance]]?<br />
Find information on Federal and State [[Adoption Assistance for Children Adopted From Foster Care|adoption assistance for children adopted from foster care]]: http://www.childwelfare.gov/pubs/f_subsid.cfm<br />
<br />
I have more questions about obtaining [[Adoption Assistance|adoption assistance]] from my State<br />
Find answers here to 13 State-specific topics: http://www.childwelfare.gov/adoption/adopt_assistance/index.cfm This site has State-by-State [[Adoption Assistance|adoption assistance]] information: http://www.nacac.org/adoptionsubsidy/stateprofiles.html Here are additional resources searchable by State: http://www.childwelfare.gov/nfcad<br />
<br />
Are there tax credits for [[adoption]]?<br />
Read the IRS explanation of qualified [[adoption]] expenses: http://www.irs.gov/taxtopics/tc607.html “Claiming the Federal [[Adoption Tax Credit]] for [Special Needs] Adoptions” explains more: http://www.nacac.org/postadopt/taxcredit.html<br />
<br />
Postadoption Services<br />
Are there services available to help my family after a child or youth is placed with us?<br />
There are postadoption services that help with a range of issues: http://www.childwelfare.gov/pubs/f_postadoption.cfm<br />
<br />
I have more questions about postadoption issues and services<br />
Here are resources that include information on counseling, support groups, training, birth [[records]], and more: http://www.childwelfare.gov/adoption/adopt_parenting/<br />
<br />
Where can I learn more about parenting a child or youth with disabilities or [Special Needs]?<br />
Here is a list of [[organizations]] that help children and youth with disabilities and [Special Needs] and their families: http://www.childwelfare.gov/pubs/reslist/rl_dsp.cfm?subjID=3&rate_chno=11-11286<br />
<br />
<br />
Return to [Special Needs]<br />
<br />
Resource<br />
Child Welfare Information Gateway. Available online at http://www.childwelfare.gov/pubs/factsheets/specialneeds/</div>
Admin
https://adoption.com/wiki/What_Does_Special_Needs_Adoption_Mean
What Does Special Needs Adoption Mean
2022-10-14T06:49:01Z
<p>Admin: Created page with "In adoption, the phrase “special needs” can apply to almost any child or youth adopted from foster care. The term is used in State laws to indica..."</p>
<hr />
<div>In [[adoption]], the phrase “[[Special Needs|special needs]]” can apply to almost any child or youth [[adopted]] from foster care. The term is used in State laws to indicate eligibility for Federal financial assistance, so it is a term that adoptive families hear often. However, the term “[[Special Needs|special needs]]” is almost universally disliked by [[adoption]] professionals and youth in foster care because of its potential to be misunderstood and its negative connotations.<br />
<br />
What exactly does the term “[[Special Needs|special needs]]” mean in foster care and [[adoption]]? This information presents some common questions about adopting a child or youth with [[Special Needs|special needs]] and provides resources that will give you detailed answers.<br />
<br />
CONTENTS<br />
1 Definitions<br />
1.1 What Is My State’s Definition Of [[Special Needs]] For Foster Care [[Adoption]]?1.2 What Does The Term “[[Special Needs]]” Mean In Intercountry [[Adoption]]?2 Eligibility<br />
2.1 Who May [[Adopt]] A Child Or Youth With [[Special Needs]]?2.2 I Have More Questions About My Eligibility To Adopt3 Making The Decision<br />
3.1 How Can I Know If I Can Meet The Challenges Of Parenting A Child Or Youth With [[Special Needs]]?3.2 I Have More Questions About What [[Adoption]] Would Involve For Me And My Family3.3 What Has Life Been Like In The Foster Care [[System]] For Children And Youth With [[Special Needs]]?3.4 How Can I Find Out About Children And Youth With [[Special Needs]] Who Need Families?4 Getting Started<br />
4.1 To [[Adopt]] A Child Or Youth With [[Special Needs]] In The United States, Where Do I Start?4.2 What About Adopting A Child Or Youth With [[Special Needs]] From A Foreign Country?5 Financial And Health-Care Assistance<br />
5.1 Where Can I Find Out About Recurring Or Nonrecurring [[Adoption Assistance]]?5.2 I Have More Questions About Obtaining [[Adoption Assistance]] From My State5.3 Are There Tax Credits For [[Adoption]]?6 Postadoption Services<br />
6.1 Are There Services Available To Help My Family After A Child Or Youth Is Placed With Us?6.2 I Have More Questions About Postadoption Issues And Services6.3 Where Can I Learn More About Parenting A Child Or Youth With Disabilities Or [[Special Needs]]?7 ResourceDefinitions<br />
Many people think “[[Special Needs|special needs]]” are medical, physical, or emotional disabilities. But within the foster care and child welfare systems, a child or youth with [[Special Needs|special needs]] has a factor or condition (uniquely defined by each State) that may involve any of the following:<br />
<br />
Ethnic or racial background<br />
Age<br />
Membership in a sibling group<br />
Medical, physical, or emotional disabilities<br />
Risk of physical, mental, or emotional disability based on birth family history<br />
Any condition that makes it more difficult to find an adoptive family<br />
These broader definitions of “[[Special Needs|special needs]]” may be used to determine eligibility for Federal financial assistance for [[adoption]] of children and youth from the U.S. foster care [[system]]. While there’s no single Federal definition of [[Special Needs|special needs]], according to title IV-E of the Social Security Act, a child or youth with [[Special Needs|special needs]] must also meet the following two requirements to be eligible for Federal [[Adoption Assistance|adoption assistance]]:<br />
<br />
The child or youth cannot or should not be returned home to his or her parent(s).<br />
An unsuccessful attempt was made to place the child or youth without [[adoption]] (financial) assistance, except in cases where such a placement would not have been in the best interests of the child or youth.<br />
What is my State’s definition of [[Special Needs|special needs]] for foster care [[adoption]]?<br />
Definitions for every State, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico are listed here: http://www.childwelfare.gov/adoption/adopt_assistance/questions.cfm?quest_id=1<br />
<br />
What does the term “[[Special Needs|special needs]]” mean in intercountry [[adoption]]?<br />
Agencies that place children and youth through intercountry [[adoption]] may use the term more commonly to refer to children with physical or developmental disabilities, or other conditions that make it less likely that they will find a family easily. A child or youth with [[Special Needs|special needs]] from another country does not qualify for Federal [[Adoption Assistance|adoption assistance]]; a full explanation is in the Children’s Bureau Child Welfare Policy Manual: http://www.acf.hhs.gov/cwpm/programs/cb/laws_policies/laws/cwpm/policy_dsp.jsp?citID=175<br />
<br />
More information is available here: http://nacac.org/adoptionsubsidy/factsheets/internationaladoption.html<br />
<br />
Eligibility<br />
Who may [[adopt]] a child or youth with [[Special Needs|special needs]]?<br />
There is no specific legal requirement for families to be eligible to [[adopt]] a child or youth with [[Special Needs|special needs]]. Families often make the decision about parenting a child or youth with [[Special Needs|special needs]] with their [[adoption]] worker or agency, depending on their capacity to parent a particular child or youth in whom they may be interested. Here is a summary of State laws about who may [[adopt]], be [[adopted]], and place a child for [[adoption]]: http://www.childwelfare.gov/systemwide/laws_policies/statutes/parties.cfm<br />
<br />
I have more questions about my eligibility to [[adopt]]<br />
Answers about age, health, gender, background checks, sexual orientation, and more can be found here: http://www.childwelfare.gov/adoption/adoptive/whocan.cfm<br />
<br />
Making the Decision<br />
How can I know if I can meet the challenges of parenting a child or youth with [[Special Needs|special needs]]?<br />
Talking with other experienced [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]] is one of the best ways to determine if adopting a child or youth from foster care is the right decision for your family. You can find a foster/adoptive parent support group in your area in the National Foster Care and [[Adoption]] Directory: http://www.childwelfare.gov/nfcad<br />
<br />
At least two States have produced self-assessment guides for prospective parents that can help you make informed decisions: http://www.iowakidsnet.com/userfiles/File/Foster_Parent_Assessment_Guide.pdf http://www.adoptkckids.org/files/AdoptKCKids_Self_Assessment_Guide2.pdf<br />
<br />
I have more questions about what [[adoption]] would involve for me and my family<br />
There is a lot for families to think about and learn before making the decision to [[adopt]]. http://www.childwelfare.gov/adoption/adoptive/before_adoption.cfm Here are some questions you can ask your agency or [[caseworker]], as well as information about expectations and financial concerns: http://www.adoptuskids.org/resourceCenter/7steps/documents/AdoptionTips.pdf<br />
<br />
What has life been like in the foster care [[system]] for children and youth with [[Special Needs|special needs]]?<br />
Many children and youth with [[Special Needs|special needs]] have been removed from their families because of [[abuse]] or [[neglect]]. Many also have experienced multiple moves in foster care. “A Child’s Journey Through the Child Welfare [[System]]” can give you some idea: http://pewfostercare.org/research/docs/journey.pdf<br />
<br />
More information about common characteristics of children and youth waiting for families, including children with [[Special Needs|special needs]], can be found here: http://www.childwelfare.gov/adoption/adoptive/characteristics.cfm<br />
<br />
How can I find out about children and youth with [[Special Needs|special needs]] who need families?<br />
Photolisting services have pictures and descriptions of children and youth in State foster care systems who are available for [[adoption]] and waiting for families. AdoptUsKids is the only federally funded, national photolisting service for children and youth in foster care waiting for permanent families: http://www.adoptuskids.org/Child/ChildSearch.aspx<br />
<br />
This webpage lists photolistings by State: http://www.childwelfare.gov/pubs/reslist/rl_dsp_website.cfm?typeID=82&rate_chno=AZ-0005E<br />
<br />
[[Adoption Exchanges|Adoption exchanges]] provide [[adoption]] information and often promote the [[adoption]] of children and youth with [[Special Needs|special needs]]. They use print, radio, TV, and the Internet to recruit adoptive families. This webpage has links to [[adoption]] exchange websites sponsored by State child welfare agencies: http://www.childwelfare.gov/pubs/reslist/rl_dsp_website.cfm?typeID=81&rate_chno=AZ-0003E<br />
<br />
Getting Started<br />
To [[adopt]] a child or youth with [[Special Needs|special needs]] in the United States, where do I start?<br />
This factsheet gives the basics of any [[adoption]] process and offers resources for each step: http://www.childwelfare.gov/pubs/f_start.cfm<br />
<br />
Here’s a guide to the seven basic steps of the journey to adopting children or youth from the U.S. foster care [[system]]: http://www.adoptuskids.org/resourceCenter/7steps/7StepJourney.aspx<br />
<br />
What about adopting a child or youth with [[Special Needs|special needs]] from a foreign country?<br />
The State Department website has information on all kinds of intercountry [[adoption]]: http://adoption.state.gov The factsheet Intercountry [[Adoption]]: Where Do I Start? covers many essential elements: http://www.childwelfare.gov/pubs/f_inter/index.cfm<br />
<br />
Financial and Health-Care Assistance<br />
Where can I find out about recurring or nonrecurring [[Adoption Assistance|adoption assistance]]?<br />
Find information on Federal and State [[Adoption Assistance for Children Adopted From Foster Care|adoption assistance for children adopted from foster care]]: http://www.childwelfare.gov/pubs/f_subsid.cfm<br />
<br />
I have more questions about obtaining [[Adoption Assistance|adoption assistance]] from my State<br />
Find answers here to 13 State-specific topics: http://www.childwelfare.gov/adoption/adopt_assistance/index.cfm This site has State-by-State [[Adoption Assistance|adoption assistance]] information: http://www.nacac.org/adoptionsubsidy/stateprofiles.html Here are additional resources searchable by State: http://www.childwelfare.gov/nfcad<br />
<br />
Are there tax credits for [[adoption]]?<br />
Read the IRS explanation of qualified [[adoption]] expenses: http://www.irs.gov/taxtopics/tc607.html “Claiming the Federal [[Adoption Tax Credit]] for [[Special Needs]] Adoptions” explains more: http://www.nacac.org/postadopt/taxcredit.html<br />
<br />
Postadoption Services<br />
Are there services available to help my family after a child or youth is placed with us?<br />
There are postadoption services that help with a range of issues: http://www.childwelfare.gov/pubs/f_postadoption.cfm<br />
<br />
I have more questions about postadoption issues and services<br />
Here are resources that include information on counseling, support groups, training, birth [[records]], and more: http://www.childwelfare.gov/adoption/adopt_parenting/<br />
<br />
Where can I learn more about parenting a child or youth with disabilities or [[Special Needs|special needs]]?<br />
Here is a list of [[organizations]] that help children and youth with disabilities and [[Special Needs|special needs]] and their families: http://www.childwelfare.gov/pubs/reslist/rl_dsp.cfm?subjID=3&rate_chno=11-11286<br />
<br />
<br />
Return to [[Special Needs]]<br />
<br />
Resource<br />
Child Welfare Information Gateway. Available online at http://www.childwelfare.gov/pubs/factsheets/specialneeds/</div>
Admin
https://adoption.com/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy
Leo Tolstoy
2022-10-12T13:53:18Z
<p>Admin: /* References */</p>
<hr />
<div>Tolstoy was born the son of a noble landowner in Russia but his mother died when he was two and his father when he was nine. He was then raised by relatives, first a grandmother, who died, then an aunt, who also died, and finally another aunt. <br />
<br />
He was educated privately and then went to university, where he came under the influence of the teaching of '''Jean Jacques Rousseau'''. He left without graduating and plunged into a life of dissipation in Moscow high society. In 1851 he joined his brother in the Caucasus where he came to admire the Cossack way of life. He returned to St. Petersburg in 1856 and became more and more interested in the welfare of his serfs and progressive education, starting an influential school in the estate village of Yasnaya Polyana.<br />
<br />
He married and had 13 children but his marriage was not happy and he was tormented by the disparity between his beliefs and his own great wealth. <br />
<br />
He left home at the age of 82 and died alone a few days later. <br />
<br />
He is most famous today as one of the greatest novelists in history, his most famous novels being War and Peace and Anna Karenina.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
Dever, Maria, and Dever, Aileen. Relative Origins: Famous Foster and Adopted People. (Portland: National Book Company, 1992)<br />
Microsoft Encarta 98 Encyclopedia, 1993-97<br />
Wilson, A.N. Tolstoy. (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1988)<br />
Shklovskii, Viktor Borisovich. Lev Tolstoy. (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1978)<br />
"Tolstoy Links." [Includes portrait].<br />
<br />
== Indexes ==<br />
[[Category: Adopted Persons]]</div>
Admin
https://adoption.com/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy
Leo Tolstoy
2022-10-12T13:52:53Z
<p>Admin: /* References */</p>
<hr />
<div>Tolstoy was born the son of a noble landowner in Russia but his mother died when he was two and his father when he was nine. He was then raised by relatives, first a grandmother, who died, then an aunt, who also died, and finally another aunt. <br />
<br />
He was educated privately and then went to university, where he came under the influence of the teaching of '''Jean Jacques Rousseau'''. He left without graduating and plunged into a life of dissipation in Moscow high society. In 1851 he joined his brother in the Caucasus where he came to admire the Cossack way of life. He returned to St. Petersburg in 1856 and became more and more interested in the welfare of his serfs and progressive education, starting an influential school in the estate village of Yasnaya Polyana.<br />
<br />
He married and had 13 children but his marriage was not happy and he was tormented by the disparity between his beliefs and his own great wealth. <br />
<br />
He left home at the age of 82 and died alone a few days later. <br />
<br />
He is most famous today as one of the greatest novelists in history, his most famous novels being War and Peace and Anna Karenina.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
Dever, Maria, and Dever, Aileen. Relative Origins: Famous Foster and Adopted People. (Portland: National Book Company, 1992)<br />
Microsoft Encarta 98 Encyclopedia, 1993-97<br />
Wilson, A.N. Tolstoy. (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1988)<br />
Shklovskii, Viktor Borisovich. Lev Tolstoy. (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1978)<br />
"Tolstoy Links." [Includes portrait]. <br />
<br />
"Tolstoy Library." Available at: [http://www.tolstoy.org/]<br />
<br />
== Indexes ==<br />
[[Category: Adopted Persons]]</div>
Admin
https://adoption.com/wiki/How_to_Adopt_from_Burkina_Faso
How to Adopt from Burkina Faso
2022-10-12T13:51:38Z
<p>Admin: /* The Process */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{#eimage:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ouagadougou_place_nations_unies.JPG/800px-Ouagadougou_place_nations_unies.JPG|410x579px|thumb|'''Typical street scene in Ouagadougou.'''<BR/>Source: Wikipedia.org.}}<br />
<br />
'''WARNING: [[Burkina Faso]] is party to the Hague [[Adoption]] Convention. Do not [[adopt]] or obtain [[Legal Custody|legal custody]] of a child in [[Burkina Faso]] before a U.S. consular officer issues an “Article 5 Letter” in the case. Read on for more information.'''<br />
<br />
==Adoption Authority==<br />
<br />
'''[[Burkina Faso]] [[Adoption]] Authority'''<br />
<br />
Ministère de l'[[Action]] Sociale et de la Solidarité Nationale <br />
La Direction des Placements et des Adoptions <br />
Immeuble Baoghin, Secteur 10 <br />
01 BP 515, Ouagadougou 01 <br />
[[Burkina Faso]] <br />
Tel: [226] 50 30 68 80 (Switchboard)/ [226] 50 31 00 55 (Direct line) <br />
Fax: [226] 50 31 67 37 <br />
<br />
<br />
'''NOTE:''' If any of the following occurred prior to April 1, 2008 (date on which the Hague [[Adoption]] Convention entered into force with respect to the United States), the Hague [[Adoption]] Convention may not apply to your [[adoption]]: 1) you filed a Form [[I-600A]] identifying [[Burkina Faso]] as the country where you intended to [[adopt]]; 2) you filed a Form [[I-600]]; or, 3) the [[adoption]] was completed. Under these circumstances, your [[adopted]] child’s visa application could continue to be processed in accordance with the immigration regulations for non-Convention adoptions. For more information, read about Transition Cases. The Hague [[Adoption]] Convention entered in force in [[Burkina Faso]] on May 1, 1996. <br />
<br />
<br />
==The Process==<br />
<br />
<br />
Because [[Burkina Faso]] is party to the Hague [[Adoption]] Convention, [[adopting from Burkina Faso]] must follow a specific process designed to meet the Convention’s requirements. A brief summary of the Convention [[adoption]] process is given below. You must complete these steps in the following order so that your [[adoption]] meets all necessary legal requirements. Adoptions completed out of order may result in the child not being eligible for an immigrant visa to the United States. <br />
<br />
<br />
# Choose an Accredited [[Adoption Service Provider]]<br />
# Apply to USCIS to be found eligible to [[adopt]]<br />
# Be matched with a child by authorities in [[Burkina Faso]]<br />
# Apply to USCIS for the child to be found eligible for immigration to the United States and receive U.S. agreement to proceed with the [[adoption]]<br />
# [[Adopt]] (or Obtain [[Legal Custody]]) of child in [[Burkina Faso]] <br />
# Obtain a U.S. immigrant visa for your child and bring your child home<br />
<br />
<br />
'''1.Choose a U.S. Accredited or Approved [[Adoption Service Provider]]:'''<br />
<br />
The recommended first step in adopting a child from [[Burkina Faso]] is to select an [[Adoption Service Provider|adoption service provider]] in the United States that has been accredited or approved to provide services to U.S. citizens in Convention cases. Only accredited or approved [[adoption]] service providers act as the primary provider in your case. The primary [[Adoption Service Provider|adoption service provider]] is responsible for ensuring that all [[adoption]] services in the case are done in accordance with the Hague [[Adoption]] Convention and U.S. laws and regulations. Learn more about Agency Accreditation.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''2. Apply to USCIS to be Found Eligible to [[Adopt]]:'''<br />
<br />
After you choose an accredited or approved [[Adoption Service Provider|adoption service provider]], you must apply to be found eligible to [[adopt]] by the responsible U.S. government agency, the Department of Homeland Security, U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS), by submitting [http://www.uscis.gov/i-800a Form I-800A]. Read more about [http://adoption.state.gov/adoption_process/who_can_adopt/eligibility.php Eligibility Requirements].<br />
<br />
Once USCIS determines that you are “eligible” and “suited” to [[adopt]] by approving the Form I-800A, your [[Adoption Service Provider|adoption service provider]] will provide your approval notice, [[Home Study|home study]], and any other required information to the [[adoption]] authority in [[Burkina Faso]] as part of your [[adoption]] [[dossier]]. [[Burkina Faso]]’s [[adoption]] authority will review your application to determine whether you are also eligible to [[adopt]] under [[Burkina Faso]]’s law. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''3. Be Matched with a Child in [[Burkina Faso]]:'''<br />
<br />
If both the United States and [[Burkina Faso]] determine that you are eligible to [[adopt]], and the Central Authority in [[Burkina Faso]] has determined that a child is available for [[adoption]] and that intercountry [[adoption]] is in that child’s best interests, the Central Authority may provide you with a referral for a child. The referral is a proposed match between you and a specific child based on a review of your [[dossier]] and the needs of a specific child in [[Burkina Faso]]. The Central Authority will provide a background study and other information, if available, about the child to help you decide whether to accept the referral or not. Each family must decide for itself whether or not it will be able to meet the needs and provide a permanent home for a particular child. If you accept the referral, the [[Adoption Service Provider|adoption service provider]] communicates that to the Central Authority in [[Burkina Faso]]. [http://adoption.state.gov/adoption_process/how_to_adopt/childeligibility.php Learn more about this critical decision]. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''4. Apply to USCIS for the Child to be Found Eligible for Immigration to the United States and Receive U.S. Agreement to Proceed with the [[Adoption]]:'''<br />
<br />
After you accept a match with a child, you will apply to the U.S. Department of Homeland Security, U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) for provisional approval for the child to immigrate to the United States ([[Form I-800]]). USCIS will make a provisional determination as to whether the child meets the definition of a Convention [[Adoptee]] and will be eligible to enter the United States and reside permanently as an immigrant.<br />
<br />
After provisional approval of [http://www.uscis.gov/i-800 Form I-800], your [[Adoption Service Provider|adoption service provider]] or you will submit a visa application to the Consular Section of the U.S. Embassy in Ouagadougou that is responsible for issuing immigrant visas to children from [[Burkina Faso]]. A consular officer will review the [[Form I-800]] and the visa application for possible visa ineligibilities and advise you of options for the waiver of any noted ineligibilities.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''WARNING:''' The consular officer will send a letter (referred to as an “Article 5 Letter”) to the [[Burkina Faso]] Central Authority in any intercountry [[adoption]] involving U.S. citizen parents and a child from [[Burkina Faso]] where all Convention requirements are met and the consular officer determines that the child appears eligible to immigrate to the United States. This letter will inform [[Burkina Faso]]’s Central Authority that the parents are eligible and suited to [[adopt]], that all indications are that the child may enter and reside permanently in the United States, and that the U.S. Central Authority agrees that the [[adoption]] may proceed.<br />
<br />
<br />
Do not attempt to [[adopt]] or obtain [[custody]] of a child in [[Burkina Faso]] before a U.S. consular officer issues the Article 5 Letter in any [[adoption]] case.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''''Remember: The consular officer will make a final decision about a child's eligibility for an immigrant visa later in the [[adoption]] process.'''''<br />
<br />
<br />
'''5. [[Adopt]] (or Obtain [[Legal Custody]]) of Child in [[Burkina Faso]]:''' <br />
<br />
'''''Remember: Before you [[adopt]] or obtain [[Legal Custody|legal custody]] of a child in [[Burkina Faso]], you must have completed the above four steps. Only after completing these steps, can you proceed to finalize the [[adoption]] or grant [[custody]] for the purposes of [[adoption]] in [[Burkina Faso]].'''''<br />
<br />
The process for finalizing the [[adoption]] or obtaining [[Legal Custody|legal custody]] in [[Burkina Faso]] generally includes the following:<br />
<br />
<br />
*'''Role of The [[Adoption]] Authority:''' The Central Authority adjudicates all [[adoption]] applications and identifies eligible children. When the prospective [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]] agree to a proposed match, the Central Authority prepares a document formalizing the agreement to pursue the [[adoption]] procedure known as the Article 16 Report. If the biological parents of the child are known, a consent act must be included in the file. Alternatively, a family council report or an act of [[abandonment]] will be included when applicable. The Article 16 Report is given to the local representative of the accredited agency to forward to the prospective [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]]. The Article 16 Report must be issued and accepted before the [[adoption]] court hearing or the [[adoption]] will not be recognized by the authorities of [[Burkina Faso]]. After the [[adoption]] procedure is finalized in court and all necessary [[adoption]] documents have been issued by the Central Authority, at least one [[Adoptive Parent|adoptive parent]] must travel to [[Burkina Faso]] to collect the child. There is a four-day mandatory stay in the institution where the child is living which constitutes the mandatory [[bonding]] period, after which the [[Adoptive Parent|adoptive parent]](s) must appear at the Central Authority to finalize paperwork. In certain cases, the Central Authority may determine that an extended bonded period is required. <br />
*'''Role of the Court:''' After making a commitment to [[adopt]] the child, the prospective [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]] hire a lawyer in [[Burkina Faso]] to follow the procedure in court. The Central Authority forwards the completed file to the tribunal where the child resides or to the main tribunal in Ouagadougou. Once the file is received, the court contacts a notary to establish an act of [[adoption]]. This act of [[adoption]] is sent to the institution that is responsible for the welfare of the child to sign and then forwarded to the Central Authority for final signature. There is a three-month waiting period after the Act is signed before the court announces the final [[adoption]]. One month after the [[adoption]] is final, copies of the judgment and the certificate of non-appeal are sent to the Central Authority which issues the “Certificat de Conformité” and the authorization to leave the country. The Central Authority is unable to issue the “Certificat de Conformité” and the authorization to leave the country unless all conditions are met. These documents can only be given to the [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]] when they get to [[Burkina Faso]].<br />
*'''Role of [[Adoption Agencies]]:''' Accredited [[Adoption Agencies|adoption agencies]] may have fully accredited representatives in [[Burkina Faso]] who act on behalf of prospective [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]]. They liaise with the local [[adoption]] authorities, the lawyer (when there is one), and the court on behalf of the prospective [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]]. The [[Adoption Agency|adoption agency]] will also liaise with the Embassy to collect the Article 5 Letter, and start the visa application process pending receipt of the final court decision and other official travel documents from the Central Authority. They are also in contact with the [[orphanage]], nursery, or family hosting the adoptive child.<br />
*'''Time Frame:''' It takes about 12 months from the time the prospective [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]] submit their initial application until they receive [[custody]] of their child. It takes six months or more for the case to be finalized in court. [[Finalization]] includes the final [[Adoption Decree|adoption decree]], the issuance of child’s new birth certificate, the issuance of the “Certificat de Conformité,” and the authorization for the child to leave the country. Generally, the child is placed in the prospective [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]]’ care once matched. If the [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]] are not present in [[Burkina Faso]], the child is placed with a host family or in an [[orphanage]]. [[Adoption]] cases may take longer when not properly followed up with the court. The Central Authority maintains a list of local lawyers, and encourages [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]] to find legal representation. After the [[adoption]] procedure is finalized in court, at least one [[Adoptive Parent|adoptive parent]] must travel to [[Burkina Faso]] to collect the child. The [[Adoptive Parent|adoptive parent]](s) should plan to be in [[Burkina Faso]] for at least 10 to 15 business days to finalize the [[adoption]] process. This includes the mandatory [[bonding]] time, completion of paperwork at the Central Authority, and the visa process which may take up to three business days. <br />
*'''[[Adoption]] Application:''' Prospective [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]] should understand that there are two kinds of adoptions available in [[Burkina Faso]]. For U.S. immigration purposes, the “full” [[adoption]] option is the only one that can confer immigrant status to an [[adopted]] child. A “simple” [[adoption]] – one which gives a biological parent the right to revoke the [[adoption]] at any time – does not meet the requirements established by U.S. immigration law for issuing visas to [[adopted]] orphans. U.S. citizens may submit [[adoption]] applications in [[Burkina Faso]] through accredited [[Adoption Agencies|adoption agencies]] authorized to work in [[Burkina Faso]] and who supervise a representative in [[Burkina Faso]] acting on their behalf. Applications are evaluated based on: <br />
::::1. The family’s ability to provide financial support; <br />
::::2. The findings of a social and psychological report on the prospective [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]]; <br />
::::3. The family’s motivations and their attitude towards [[adoption]]; <br />
::::4. The marital status, age, and state of health of the [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]]; <br />
::::5. The point of view and welfare of existing children in the adoptive family; <br />
::::6. The size of the family; preference is given to families with no children; <br />
*'''[[Adoption]] Fees:''' In the [[adoption]] services contract that you sign at the beginning of the [[adoption]] process, your agency will itemize the fees and estimated expenses related to your [[adoption]] process. Some of the fees specifically associated with [[adoption]] from [[Burkina Faso]] include: <br />
::::::1. Medical exam: compulsory tests include hepatitis A and B, HIV, blood and sickle cells detection. All medical exam expenses are born by the prospective [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]];<br />
::::::2. Food allowance: 100,000 CFA (approximately 200 USD) per month and per child. This amount is payable from the time the adoptive family commits themselves to adopting the child. Payment is made directly to the financial department of the private or public institution hosting the child. Once matched, prospective [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]] are responsible for all medical and maintenance fees, including the cost of transportation and hospitalization of the child;<br />
::::::3. Expenses of lawyers’ and notary services;<br />
::::::4. Fees for [[Home Study|home study]] conducted on the child: 150,000 CFA (approximately 300 USD);<br />
::::::5. Initial filing fee: 26,500 CFA (approximately 65 USD) per file. The payment receipt must be included when submitting [[adoption]] application;<br />
::::::6. Case processing fees by the Central Authority once the child is identified: 100,000 CFA (approximately 200 USD);<br />
::::::7. Stamps: 5,000 CFA (approximately 10 USD) for each application.<br />
The Department of State discourages the payment of any fees that are not properly receipted that may be requested from prospective [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]]. Such fees have the appearance of buying a baby, may be contrary to the Convention and U.S. law, and put all future [[adoption]] in [[Burkina Faso]] at risk.<br />
*'''Documents Required:''' Only certified copies of these documents are acceptable to the Burkinabe authorities. <br />
::::::::1. Two motivation letters stamped with 5,000 FCFA revenue stamps (available at the local mayor's office), one addressed to the Chief Judge of the court in Ouagadougou and the other to the Ministry of Social Affairs, explaining in detail the motivation for adopting, and specifying the profile of the child they would like to [[adopt]];<br />
::::::::2. A marriage certificate for the couple showing that they have been married for more than five years;<br />
::::::::3. A copy of the family book (official record of spouse, children) when/if available;<br />
::::::::4. Proof of residence;<br />
::::::::5. Proof of income;<br />
::::::::6. Birth certificate for each prospective parent;<br />
::::::::7. An approved I-800A form from U.S. authorities;<br />
::::::::8. Medical documents certifying that both prospective [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]] are physically and psychologically healthy;<br />
::::::::9. A [[Home Study|home study]] report done by a social services agency of the [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]] habitual residence;<br />
::::::::10. A certificate of nationality (when it applies);<br />
::::::::11. A statement that the prospective [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]] have received more than 10 hours of training as specified by Hague 96.48 (this document is normally prepared by the [[Adoption Service Provider|adoption service provider]]); <br />
::::::::12. A commitment to send a report twice a year during the first two years of [[adoption]] and then once a year until the child turns 18;<br />
::::::::13. Police certificates for both prospective [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]]; and,<br />
::::::::14. A copy of the first two pages of both prospective parents' passports;<br />
'''NOTE:''' Additional documents may be requested.<br />
*'''Authentication of Documents:''' You may be asked to provide proof that a document from the United States is authentic. Is so, the Department of State, Authentications office may be able to assist. Read about [https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/records-and-authentications/authenticate-your-document.html Authenticating U.S. Documents]. The United States and [[Burkina Faso]] are parties to the Hague [[Apostille]] Convention. U.S. public documents may be authenticated with Apostilles by the appropriate U.S. Competent Authority.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''NOTE:''' [[Burkina Faso]] requires that every document submitted in relation with an [[adoption]] application be translated into French and authenticated. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''6.Obtain an Immigrant Visa for your Child and Bring Your Child Home:'''<br />
<br />
Now that your [[adoption]] is complete or you have obtained [[Legal Custody|legal custody]] of the child for the purpose of adopting the child in the United there are a few more steps to take before you can head home. Specifically, you need to apply for three documents before your child can travel to the United States:<br />
<br />
<br />
::1. Birth Certificate <br />
<br />
If you have finalized the [[adoption]] in [[Burkina Faso]] you will firstneed to apply for a birth certificate for your child so that you can later apply for a passport. If you have been granted [[custody]] for the purpose of adopting the child in the Unites States, the birth certificate you obtain will, in most cases, not yet include your name.<br />
<br />
The lawyer or [[Adoption Service Provider|adoption service provider]] (in cases where no lawyer has been hired) will obtain a copy of the judgment to request the issuance of a new birth certificate. In [[Burkina Faso]], birth certificates are issued by the local mayor's office (the "Mairie") and cost 300 CFA (75 cents) per document. The new birth certificate will bear the child’s new name (as amended by [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]]). <br />
<br />
:2. [[Burkina Faso]] Passport <br />
<br />
Your child is not yet a U.S. citizen, so he/she will need a travel document or passport from [[Burkina Faso]]. Passports are issued by the Ministry of Security's "Division de la Migration" upon presentation of the child's birth certificate with name changes, and the [[Adoption Decree|adoption decree]]. The passport costs 50,000 CFA (approximately 100 USD) and is issued in approximately three to seven business days. <br />
<br />
:3. U.S. Immigrant Visa <br />
<br />
After you obtain the new birth certificate and passport for your child, you also need to finalize your application for a U.S. visa for your child from the U.S. Embassy in Ouagadougou, [[Burkina Faso]] Country. After the [[adoption]] or [[custody]] for purpose of [[adoption]] is granted, visit the U.S. Embassy for final review of the case, issuance of a U.S. Hague [[Adoption Certificate]] or Hague [[Custody]] Certificate, final approval of [[Form I-800]], and to obtain your child’s immigrant visa. This immigrant visa allows your child to travel home with you. As part of this process, the consular officer must be provided the “Panel Physician’s” medical report on the child if it was not provided during the provisional approval stage. Read more about the [https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/Intercountry-Adoption/Adoption-Process/how-to-adopt/medical-examination.html Medical Examination]. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''Child Citizenship Act'''<br />
<br />
<br />
'''''For adoptions finalized abroad prior to the child’s entry into the United States:''''' A child will acquire U.S. citizenship upon entry into the United States if the [[adoption]] was finalized prior to entry and the child otherwise meets the requirements of the [https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/Intercountry-Adoption/adopt_ref/adoption-FAQs/child-citizenship-act-of-2000.html Child Citizenship Act of 2000].<br />
<br />
'''''For adoptions finalized after the child’s entry into the United States:''''' An [[adoption]] will need to be completed following your child’s entry into the United States for the child to acquire U.S. citizenship.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''''Please be aware that if your child did not qualify to become a citizen upon entry to the United States, it is very important that you take the steps necessary so that your child does qualify as soon as possible. Failure to obtain citizenship for your child can impact many areas of his/her life including family travel, eligibility for education and education grants, and voting. Read more about [[the Child Citizenship Act of 2000]].'''''<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Post-[[Adoption]]/Post–Placement Reporting Requirements'''<br />
<br />
When the [[adoption]] procedure is completed and the child joins the adoptive family, a periodic follow-up on the integration of the child in the family must be done by the competent social services of the child's place of residence. This is a post-placement requirement by the Government of [[Burkina Faso]]. The [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]] must submit post-[[adoption]] reports on the child twice a year during the first two years following [[adoption]] and once a year until the child turns 18. The reports are submitted to the Office of Placements and Adoptions at the Ministry of Social Affairs and National Solidarity.<br />
<br />
<br />
We strongly urge you to comply with [[Burkina Faso]]'s post-[[adoption]] requirements in a timely manner. Your [[Adoption Agency|adoption agency]] may be able to help you with this process. Your cooperation will contribute to that country's history of positive experiences with U.S. citizen [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]].<br />
<br />
Back to [[Adopting from Burkina Faso]]</div>
Admin
https://adoption.com/wiki/How_to_Adopt_from_Burkina_Faso
How to Adopt from Burkina Faso
2022-10-12T13:49:51Z
<p>Admin: /* The Process */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{#eimage:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ouagadougou_place_nations_unies.JPG/800px-Ouagadougou_place_nations_unies.JPG|410x579px|thumb|'''Typical street scene in Ouagadougou.'''<BR/>Source: Wikipedia.org.}}<br />
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'''WARNING: [[Burkina Faso]] is party to the Hague [[Adoption]] Convention. Do not [[adopt]] or obtain [[Legal Custody|legal custody]] of a child in [[Burkina Faso]] before a U.S. consular officer issues an “Article 5 Letter” in the case. Read on for more information.'''<br />
<br />
==Adoption Authority==<br />
<br />
'''[[Burkina Faso]] [[Adoption]] Authority'''<br />
<br />
Ministère de l'[[Action]] Sociale et de la Solidarité Nationale <br />
La Direction des Placements et des Adoptions <br />
Immeuble Baoghin, Secteur 10 <br />
01 BP 515, Ouagadougou 01 <br />
[[Burkina Faso]] <br />
Tel: [226] 50 30 68 80 (Switchboard)/ [226] 50 31 00 55 (Direct line) <br />
Fax: [226] 50 31 67 37 <br />
<br />
<br />
'''NOTE:''' If any of the following occurred prior to April 1, 2008 (date on which the Hague [[Adoption]] Convention entered into force with respect to the United States), the Hague [[Adoption]] Convention may not apply to your [[adoption]]: 1) you filed a Form [[I-600A]] identifying [[Burkina Faso]] as the country where you intended to [[adopt]]; 2) you filed a Form [[I-600]]; or, 3) the [[adoption]] was completed. Under these circumstances, your [[adopted]] child’s visa application could continue to be processed in accordance with the immigration regulations for non-Convention adoptions. For more information, read about Transition Cases. The Hague [[Adoption]] Convention entered in force in [[Burkina Faso]] on May 1, 1996. <br />
<br />
<br />
==The Process==<br />
<br />
<br />
Because [[Burkina Faso]] is party to the Hague [[Adoption]] Convention, [[adopting from Burkina Faso]] must follow a specific process designed to meet the Convention’s requirements. A brief summary of the Convention [[adoption]] process is given below. You must complete these steps in the following order so that your [[adoption]] meets all necessary legal requirements. Adoptions completed out of order may result in the child not being eligible for an immigrant visa to the United States. <br />
<br />
<br />
# Choose an Accredited [[Adoption Service Provider]]<br />
# Apply to USCIS to be found eligible to [[adopt]]<br />
# Be matched with a child by authorities in [[Burkina Faso]]<br />
# Apply to USCIS for the child to be found eligible for immigration to the United States and receive U.S. agreement to proceed with the [[adoption]]<br />
# [[Adopt]] (or Obtain [[Legal Custody]]) of child in [[Burkina Faso]] <br />
# Obtain a U.S. immigrant visa for your child and bring your child home<br />
<br />
<br />
'''1.Choose a U.S. Accredited or Approved [[Adoption Service Provider]]:'''<br />
<br />
The recommended first step in adopting a child from [[Burkina Faso]] is to select an [[Adoption Service Provider|adoption service provider]] in the United States that has been accredited or approved to provide services to U.S. citizens in Convention cases. Only accredited or approved [[adoption]] service providers act as the primary provider in your case. The primary [[Adoption Service Provider|adoption service provider]] is responsible for ensuring that all [[adoption]] services in the case are done in accordance with the Hague [[Adoption]] Convention and U.S. laws and regulations. Learn more about Agency Accreditation.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''2. Apply to USCIS to be Found Eligible to [[Adopt]]:'''<br />
<br />
After you choose an accredited or approved [[Adoption Service Provider|adoption service provider]], you must apply to be found eligible to [[adopt]] by the responsible U.S. government agency, the Department of Homeland Security, U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS), by submitting [http://www.uscis.gov/i-800a Form I-800A]. Read more about [http://adoption.state.gov/adoption_process/who_can_adopt/eligibility.php Eligibility Requirements].<br />
<br />
Once USCIS determines that you are “eligible” and “suited” to [[adopt]] by approving the Form I-800A, your [[Adoption Service Provider|adoption service provider]] will provide your approval notice, [[Home Study|home study]], and any other required information to the [[adoption]] authority in [[Burkina Faso]] as part of your [[adoption]] [[dossier]]. [[Burkina Faso]]’s [[adoption]] authority will review your application to determine whether you are also eligible to [[adopt]] under [[Burkina Faso]]’s law. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''3. Be Matched with a Child in [[Burkina Faso]]:'''<br />
<br />
If both the United States and [[Burkina Faso]] determine that you are eligible to [[adopt]], and the Central Authority in [[Burkina Faso]] has determined that a child is available for [[adoption]] and that intercountry [[adoption]] is in that child’s best interests, the Central Authority may provide you with a referral for a child. The referral is a proposed match between you and a specific child based on a review of your [[dossier]] and the needs of a specific child in [[Burkina Faso]]. The Central Authority will provide a background study and other information, if available, about the child to help you decide whether to accept the referral or not. Each family must decide for itself whether or not it will be able to meet the needs and provide a permanent home for a particular child. If you accept the referral, the [[Adoption Service Provider|adoption service provider]] communicates that to the Central Authority in [[Burkina Faso]]. [http://adoption.state.gov/adoption_process/how_to_adopt/childeligibility.php Learn more about this critical decision]. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''4. Apply to USCIS for the Child to be Found Eligible for Immigration to the United States and Receive U.S. Agreement to Proceed with the [[Adoption]]:'''<br />
<br />
After you accept a match with a child, you will apply to the U.S. Department of Homeland Security, U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) for provisional approval for the child to immigrate to the United States ([[Form I-800]]). USCIS will make a provisional determination as to whether the child meets the definition of a Convention [[Adoptee]] and will be eligible to enter the United States and reside permanently as an immigrant.<br />
<br />
After provisional approval of [http://www.uscis.gov/i-800 Form I-800], your [[Adoption Service Provider|adoption service provider]] or you will submit a visa application to the Consular Section of the U.S. Embassy in Ouagadougou that is responsible for issuing immigrant visas to children from [[Burkina Faso]]. A consular officer will review the [[Form I-800]] and the visa application for possible visa ineligibilities and advise you of options for the waiver of any noted ineligibilities.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''WARNING:''' The consular officer will send a letter (referred to as an “Article 5 Letter”) to the [[Burkina Faso]] Central Authority in any intercountry [[adoption]] involving U.S. citizen parents and a child from [[Burkina Faso]] where all Convention requirements are met and the consular officer determines that the child appears eligible to immigrate to the United States. This letter will inform [[Burkina Faso]]’s Central Authority that the parents are eligible and suited to [[adopt]], that all indications are that the child may enter and reside permanently in the United States, and that the U.S. Central Authority agrees that the [[adoption]] may proceed.<br />
<br />
<br />
Do not attempt to [[adopt]] or obtain [[custody]] of a child in [[Burkina Faso]] before a U.S. consular officer issues the Article 5 Letter in any [[adoption]] case.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''''Remember: The consular officer will make a final decision about a child's eligibility for an immigrant visa later in the [[adoption]] process.'''''<br />
<br />
<br />
'''5. [[Adopt]] (or Obtain [[Legal Custody]]) of Child in [[Burkina Faso]]:''' <br />
<br />
'''''Remember: Before you [[adopt]] or obtain [[Legal Custody|legal custody]] of a child in [[Burkina Faso]], you must have completed the above four steps. Only after completing these steps, can you proceed to finalize the [[adoption]] or grant [[custody]] for the purposes of [[adoption]] in [[Burkina Faso]].'''''<br />
<br />
The process for finalizing the [[adoption]] or obtaining [[Legal Custody|legal custody]] in [[Burkina Faso]] generally includes the following:<br />
<br />
<br />
*'''Role of The [[Adoption]] Authority:''' The Central Authority adjudicates all [[adoption]] applications and identifies eligible children. When the prospective [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]] agree to a proposed match, the Central Authority prepares a document formalizing the agreement to pursue the [[adoption]] procedure known as the Article 16 Report. If the biological parents of the child are known, a consent act must be included in the file. Alternatively, a family council report or an act of [[abandonment]] will be included when applicable. The Article 16 Report is given to the local representative of the accredited agency to forward to the prospective [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]]. The Article 16 Report must be issued and accepted before the [[adoption]] court hearing or the [[adoption]] will not be recognized by the authorities of [[Burkina Faso]]. After the [[adoption]] procedure is finalized in court and all necessary [[adoption]] documents have been issued by the Central Authority, at least one [[Adoptive Parent|adoptive parent]] must travel to [[Burkina Faso]] to collect the child. There is a four-day mandatory stay in the institution where the child is living which constitutes the mandatory [[bonding]] period, after which the [[Adoptive Parent|adoptive parent]](s) must appear at the Central Authority to finalize paperwork. In certain cases, the Central Authority may determine that an extended bonded period is required. <br />
*'''Role of the Court:''' After making a commitment to [[adopt]] the child, the prospective [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]] hire a lawyer in [[Burkina Faso]] to follow the procedure in court. The Central Authority forwards the completed file to the tribunal where the child resides or to the main tribunal in Ouagadougou. Once the file is received, the court contacts a notary to establish an act of [[adoption]]. This act of [[adoption]] is sent to the institution that is responsible for the welfare of the child to sign and then forwarded to the Central Authority for final signature. There is a three-month waiting period after the Act is signed before the court announces the final [[adoption]]. One month after the [[adoption]] is final, copies of the judgment and the certificate of non-appeal are sent to the Central Authority which issues the “Certificat de Conformité” and the authorization to leave the country. The Central Authority is unable to issue the “Certificat de Conformité” and the authorization to leave the country unless all conditions are met. These documents can only be given to the [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]] when they get to [[Burkina Faso]].<br />
*'''Role of [[Adoption Agencies]]:''' Accredited [[Adoption Agencies|adoption agencies]] may have fully accredited representatives in [[Burkina Faso]] who act on behalf of prospective [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]]. They liaise with the local [[adoption]] authorities, the lawyer (when there is one), and the court on behalf of the prospective [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]]. The [[Adoption Agency|adoption agency]] will also liaise with the Embassy to collect the Article 5 Letter, and start the visa application process pending receipt of the final court decision and other official travel documents from the Central Authority. They are also in contact with the [[orphanage]], nursery, or family hosting the adoptive child.<br />
*'''Time Frame:''' It takes about 12 months from the time the prospective [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]] submit their initial application until they receive [[custody]] of their child. It takes six months or more for the case to be finalized in court. [[Finalization]] includes the final [[Adoption Decree|adoption decree]], the issuance of child’s new birth certificate, the issuance of the “Certificat de Conformité,” and the authorization for the child to leave the country. Generally, the child is placed in the prospective [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]]’ care once matched. If the [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]] are not present in [[Burkina Faso]], the child is placed with a host family or in an [[orphanage]]. [[Adoption]] cases may take longer when not properly followed up with the court. The Central Authority maintains a list of local lawyers, and encourages [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]] to find legal representation. After the [[adoption]] procedure is finalized in court, at least one [[Adoptive Parent|adoptive parent]] must travel to [[Burkina Faso]] to collect the child. The [[Adoptive Parent|adoptive parent]](s) should plan to be in [[Burkina Faso]] for at least 10 to 15 business days to finalize the [[adoption]] process. This includes the mandatory [[bonding]] time, completion of paperwork at the Central Authority, and the visa process which may take up to three business days. <br />
*'''[[Adoption]] Application:''' Prospective [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]] should understand that there are two kinds of adoptions available in [[Burkina Faso]]. For U.S. immigration purposes, the “full” [[adoption]] option is the only one that can confer immigrant status to an [[adopted]] child. A “simple” [[adoption]] – one which gives a biological parent the right to revoke the [[adoption]] at any time – does not meet the requirements established by U.S. immigration law for issuing visas to [[adopted]] orphans. U.S. citizens may submit [[adoption]] applications in [[Burkina Faso]] through accredited [[Adoption Agencies|adoption agencies]] authorized to work in [[Burkina Faso]] and who supervise a representative in [[Burkina Faso]] acting on their behalf. Applications are evaluated based on: <br />
::::1. The family’s ability to provide financial support; <br />
::::2. The findings of a social and psychological report on the prospective [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]]; <br />
::::3. The family’s motivations and their attitude towards [[adoption]]; <br />
::::4. The marital status, age, and state of health of the [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]]; <br />
::::5. The point of view and welfare of existing children in the adoptive family; <br />
::::6. The size of the family; preference is given to families with no children; <br />
*'''[[Adoption]] Fees:''' In the [[adoption]] services contract that you sign at the beginning of the [[adoption]] process, your agency will itemize the fees and estimated expenses related to your [[adoption]] process. Some of the fees specifically associated with [[adoption]] from [[Burkina Faso]] include: <br />
::::::1. Medical exam: compulsory tests include hepatitis A and B, HIV, blood and sickle cells detection. All medical exam expenses are born by the prospective [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]];<br />
::::::2. Food allowance: 100,000 CFA (approximately 200 USD) per month and per child. This amount is payable from the time the adoptive family commits themselves to adopting the child. Payment is made directly to the financial department of the private or public institution hosting the child. Once matched, prospective [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]] are responsible for all medical and maintenance fees, including the cost of transportation and hospitalization of the child;<br />
::::::3. Expenses of lawyers’ and notary services;<br />
::::::4. Fees for [[Home Study|home study]] conducted on the child: 150,000 CFA (approximately 300 USD);<br />
::::::5. Initial filing fee: 26,500 CFA (approximately 65 USD) per file. The payment receipt must be included when submitting [[adoption]] application;<br />
::::::6. Case processing fees by the Central Authority once the child is identified: 100,000 CFA (approximately 200 USD);<br />
::::::7. Stamps: 5,000 CFA (approximately 10 USD) for each application.<br />
The Department of State discourages the payment of any fees that are not properly receipted that may be requested from prospective [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]]. Such fees have the appearance of buying a baby, may be contrary to the Convention and U.S. law, and put all future [[adoption]] in [[Burkina Faso]] at risk.<br />
*'''Documents Required:''' Only certified copies of these documents are acceptable to the Burkinabe authorities. <br />
::::::::1. Two motivation letters stamped with 5,000 FCFA revenue stamps (available at the local mayor's office), one addressed to the Chief Judge of the court in Ouagadougou and the other to the Ministry of Social Affairs, explaining in detail the motivation for adopting, and specifying the profile of the child they would like to [[adopt]];<br />
::::::::2. A marriage certificate for the couple showing that they have been married for more than five years;<br />
::::::::3. A copy of the family book (official record of spouse, children) when/if available;<br />
::::::::4. Proof of residence;<br />
::::::::5. Proof of income;<br />
::::::::6. Birth certificate for each prospective parent;<br />
::::::::7. An approved I-800A form from U.S. authorities;<br />
::::::::8. Medical documents certifying that both prospective [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]] are physically and psychologically healthy;<br />
::::::::9. A [[Home Study|home study]] report done by a social services agency of the [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]] habitual residence;<br />
::::::::10. A certificate of nationality (when it applies);<br />
::::::::11. A statement that the prospective [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]] have received more than 10 hours of training as specified by Hague 96.48 (this document is normally prepared by the [[Adoption Service Provider|adoption service provider]]); <br />
::::::::12. A commitment to send a report twice a year during the first two years of [[adoption]] and then once a year until the child turns 18;<br />
::::::::13. Police certificates for both prospective [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]]; and,<br />
::::::::14. A copy of the first two pages of both prospective parents' passports;<br />
'''NOTE:''' Additional documents may be requested.<br />
*'''Authentication of Documents:''' You may be asked to provide proof that a document from the United States is authentic. Is so, the Department of State, Authentications office may be able to assist. Read about [https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/records-and-authentications/authenticate-your-document.html Authenticating U.S. Documents]. The United States and [[Burkina Faso]] are parties to the Hague [[Apostille]] Convention. U.S. public documents may be authenticated with Apostilles by the appropriate U.S. Competent Authority.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''NOTE:''' [[Burkina Faso]] requires that every document submitted in relation with an [[adoption]] application be translated into French and authenticated. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''6.Obtain an Immigrant Visa for your Child and Bring Your Child Home:'''<br />
<br />
Now that your [[adoption]] is complete or you have obtained [[Legal Custody|legal custody]] of the child for the purpose of adopting the child in the United there are a few more steps to take before you can head home. Specifically, you need to apply for three documents before your child can travel to the United States:<br />
<br />
<br />
::1. Birth Certificate <br />
<br />
If you have finalized the [[adoption]] in [[Burkina Faso]] you will firstneed to apply for a birth certificate for your child so that you can later apply for a passport. If you have been granted [[custody]] for the purpose of adopting the child in the Unites States, the birth certificate you obtain will, in most cases, not yet include your name.<br />
<br />
The lawyer or [[Adoption Service Provider|adoption service provider]] (in cases where no lawyer has been hired) will obtain a copy of the judgment to request the issuance of a new birth certificate. In [[Burkina Faso]], birth certificates are issued by the local mayor's office (the "Mairie") and cost 300 CFA (75 cents) per document. The new birth certificate will bear the child’s new name (as amended by [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]]). <br />
<br />
:2. [[Burkina Faso]] Passport <br />
<br />
Your child is not yet a U.S. citizen, so he/she will need a travel document or passport from [[Burkina Faso]]. Passports are issued by the Ministry of Security's "Division de la Migration" upon presentation of the child's birth certificate with name changes, and the [[Adoption Decree|adoption decree]]. The passport costs 50,000 CFA (approximately 100 USD) and is issued in approximately three to seven business days. <br />
<br />
:3. U.S. Immigrant Visa <br />
<br />
After you obtain the new birth certificate and passport for your child, you also need to finalize your application for a U.S. visa for your child from the U.S. Embassy in Ouagadougou, [[Burkina Faso]] Country. After the [[adoption]] or [[custody]] for purpose of [[adoption]] is granted, visit the U.S. Embassy for final review of the case, issuance of a U.S. Hague [[Adoption Certificate]] or Hague [[Custody]] Certificate, final approval of [[Form I-800]], and to obtain your child’s immigrant visa. This immigrant visa allows your child to travel home with you. As part of this process, the consular officer must be provided the “Panel Physician’s” medical report on the child if it was not provided during the provisional approval stage. Read more about the [https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/Intercountry-Adoption/Adoption-Process/how-to-adopt/medical-examination.html Medical Examination]. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''Child Citizenship Act'''<br />
<br />
<br />
'''''For adoptions finalized abroad prior to the child’s entry into the United States:''''' A child will acquire U.S. citizenship upon entry into the United States if the [[adoption]] was finalized prior to entry and the child otherwise meets the requirements of the [http://travel.state.gov/content/travel/english/legal-considerations.html Child Citizenship Act of 2000].<br />
<br />
'''''For adoptions finalized after the child’s entry into the United States:''''' An [[adoption]] will need to be completed following your child’s entry into the United States for the child to acquire U.S. citizenship.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''''Please be aware that if your child did not qualify to become a citizen upon entry to the United States, it is very important that you take the steps necessary so that your child does qualify as soon as possible. Failure to obtain citizenship for your child can impact many areas of his/her life including family travel, eligibility for education and education grants, and voting. Read more about [[the Child Citizenship Act of 2000]].'''''<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Post-[[Adoption]]/Post–Placement Reporting Requirements'''<br />
<br />
When the [[adoption]] procedure is completed and the child joins the adoptive family, a periodic follow-up on the integration of the child in the family must be done by the competent social services of the child's place of residence. This is a post-placement requirement by the Government of [[Burkina Faso]]. The [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]] must submit post-[[adoption]] reports on the child twice a year during the first two years following [[adoption]] and once a year until the child turns 18. The reports are submitted to the Office of Placements and Adoptions at the Ministry of Social Affairs and National Solidarity.<br />
<br />
<br />
We strongly urge you to comply with [[Burkina Faso]]'s post-[[adoption]] requirements in a timely manner. Your [[Adoption Agency|adoption agency]] may be able to help you with this process. Your cooperation will contribute to that country's history of positive experiences with U.S. citizen [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]].<br />
<br />
Back to [[Adopting from Burkina Faso]]</div>
Admin
https://adoption.com/wiki/Resources_for_More_Information_About_Open_Adoption
Resources for More Information About Open Adoption
2022-10-12T13:45:00Z
<p>Admin: </p>
<hr />
<div>''This information was taken directly from Child Welfare Information Gateway''<br />
<br />
Openness in [[adoption]] can provide a child or youth with valuable connections to his or her past. No single open arrangement, however, is right for everyone. As with any relationship, there may be bumps and challenges along the way in the relationships between birth and adoptive families. Moreover, these relationships are likely to evolve and change over time. Through careful consideration of options, a clear child-focused approach, and a strong commitment to making it work, you can decide what level of openness is right for your family.<br />
<br />
''Resources for More Information''<br />
<br />
Adoptive Families Magazine [http://www.adoptivefamilies.com/]<br />
<br />
American [[Adoption]] Congress http://www.americanadoptioncongress.org/open_adoption.php<br />
<br />
Child Welfare Information Gateway https://www.childwelfare.gov/adoption/adoptive/openness.cfm<br />
https://www.childwelfare.gov/adoption/birth/for/connections.cfm<br />
<br />
Insight: [[Open Adoption]] Resources and Support http://www.openadoptioninsight.org<br />
<br />
[[Minnesota]]/Texas [[Adoption]] [[Research]] Project (MTARP) http://www.psych.umass.edu/adoption/<br />
<br />
[[Open Adoption]] Bloggers http://www.productionnotreproduction.com/p/open-adoption-blogs.html<br />
<br />
Return to [[Adoption Parenting]]<br />
<br />
==Reference==<br />
Child Welfare Information Gateway. (2013). Openness in [[adoption]]: Building relationships between adoptive and birth families. [[Washington]], DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Children’s Bureau.</div>
Admin
https://adoption.com/wiki/Impact_of_Adoption_on_Adoptive_Parents:_Conclusion_and_Additional_Resources
Impact of Adoption on Adoptive Parents: Conclusion and Additional Resources
2022-10-12T13:41:43Z
<p>Admin: /* Websites */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Conclusion and Additional Resources==<br />
[[Adoption]] is a lifelong commitment, and [[adoption]]-related issues may arise at any point in parents’ or their child’s lifetime. A willingness to learn about the issues and to be open to seeking support if necessary can help to ensure that parents and children experience happy and healthy family lives.<br />
<br />
Resources are divided into websites and [[books]] and articles.<br />
<br />
====Websites====<br />
<br />
While the [[Adoption Photolisting]] website is a tool for connecting foster and adoptive families with waiting children throughout the United States, the website also offers a number of resources for adoptive families, including information about the adoptive process, [[adoption]] advocacy, and stories for parents and children. Parents may also be interested in the respite manual, “Taking a Break: Creating Foster, Adoptive and Kinship Respite in Your Community” <br />
<br />
Center for [[Adoption]] Support and Education (C.A.S.E): http://www.adoptionsupport.org C.A.S.E. provides support and education for everyone in the [[adoption]] community. The website includes information on [[adoption]]-competent therapy, [[adoption]] training, community education, and [[publications]].<br />
<br />
Center for Family Connections this educational and clinical resource center specializes in the developmental, structural, and systemic issues related to [[adoption]], foster care, kinship, and [[guardianship]] and offers training, education, advocacy, and clinical treatment.<br />
<br />
*Evan B. Donaldson [[Adoption]] <br />
The [[Adoption]] Institute seeks to improve the quality of information about [[adoption]], to enhance the understanding and perceptions about [[adoption]], and to advance [[adoption]] policy and practice.<br />
<br />
Families Adopting in Response (FAIR): http://www.fairfamilies.org<br />
Through its all-volunteer organization, FAIR offers information, education, support, and fellowship to adoptive and preadoptive families. Membership includes families who have [[adopted]] children through public and private agencies, from the United States, and from many other countries. FAIR focuses on the children who need a permanent, loving family and the parents who have opened their hearts and homes to those children, infants through teens.<br />
<br />
[[Minnesota]]/Texas [[Adoption]] [[Research]] Project: http://www.cehd.umn.edu/fsos/Centers/mtarp This site provides [[research]] findings from this major study of variations in openness in [[adoption]] and the effect of openness on all members of the [[adoption]] [[triad]].<br />
<br />
[[New York]] State Citizens’ Coalition for Children (NYSCCC): http://nysccc.org<br />
While this website is focused on [[New York]] families, many of the resources have relevance for other adoptive families. Transracial and transcultural resources and questions and answers may be particularly useful (http://nysccc.org/family-supports/transracial-transcultural).<br />
<br />
North American Council on Adoptable Children (NACAC): http://www.nacac.org)<br />
Founded in 1974 by [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]], NACAC is committed to meeting the needs of waiting children and the families who [[adopt]] them. NACAC offers advocacy, education, parent leadership capacity building, and [[adoption]] support.<br />
<br />
Pact, an [[Adoption]] Alliance: http://www.pactadopt.org<br />
Pact’s goal is to create and maintain the Internet’s most comprehensive site addressing issues for [[adopted]] children of color, offering informative articles on related topics as well as profiles of [[triad]] members and their families, links to other Internet resources, and a book reference guide with a searchable database. The site provides reprints of past Pact Press issues, as well as opportunities to interact with other [[triad]] members and to ask questions of birth parents, [[adopted]] people, [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]], and [[adoption]] professionals.<br />
<br />
====Books and Articles====<br />
National [[Adoption]] Magazines<br />
<br />
*Rainbow [[Kids]] (http://www.rainbowkids.com)<br />
*Fostering Families Today (http://www.fosteringfamiliestoday.com)<br />
<br />
Blomquist, B. T. (2001). Insight into [[adoption]]: What [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]] need to know about the fundamental differences between a biological and an [[adopted]] child—and its effect on parenting. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas.<br />
<br />
Eldridge, S. (2009). 20 things [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]] need to succeed. [[New York]], NY: Delta, a Division of Random House.<br />
<br />
Foli, K. J., & Thompson, J. R. (2004). The post-[[adoption]] blues: Overcoming the unforeseen challenges of [[adoption]]. Emmaus, PA: Rodale.<br />
<br />
Gray, D. D. (2007). Nurturing adoptions: Creating resilience after [[neglect]] and trauma. Indianapolis, IN: Perspectives Press<br />
<br />
Keck, G. C., & Kupecky, R. M. (2009). Parenting the hurt child: Helping adoptive families heal and grow. [[Colorado]] Springs, CO: NavPress.<br />
<br />
Kirk, H. D. (1984). Shared fate: A theory and method of adoptive relationships. Port Angeles, WA: Ben-Simon [[Publications]].<br />
<br />
Kruger, P., & Smolowe, J. (Eds.). (2005). A love like no other: Stories from [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]]. [[New York]]: Riverhead [[Books]].<br />
<br />
Marindin, H. (Ed.). The handbook for single [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]]. [[Washington]], DC: National Council for Single [[Adoptive Parents]].<br />
<br />
May, P. (2005). Approaching fatherhood: A guide for adoptive dads and others. London, England: British [[Adoption]] and Fostering Federation.<br />
<br />
Melina, L. R. (1986). Raising [[adopted]] children: A manual for [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]]. [[New York]], NY: Harper & Row , Publishers. (Available on Kindle)<br />
<br />
Pavao, J. M. (1998). The family of [[adoption]]. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.<br />
<br />
Schooler, J. E., & Atwood, T. C. (2008). The whole life [[adoption]] book: Realistic advice for building a healthy adoptive family. [[Colorado]] Springs, CO: NavPress.<br />
<br />
Van Gulden, H., & Bartels-Rabb, L. M. (1994). Real parents, real children: Parenting the [[adopted]] child. [[New York]], NY: The Crossroad Publishing Company.<br />
<br />
<br />
Return to [[Adoption Parenting]]</div>
Admin
https://adoption.com/wiki/Finding_and_Using_Postadoption_Services:_Finding_Postadoption_Services_and_Additional_Resources
Finding and Using Postadoption Services: Finding Postadoption Services and Additional Resources
2022-10-12T13:40:25Z
<p>Admin: /* Finding Postadoption Services and Additional Resources */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Finding Postadoption Services and Additional Resources==<br />
<br />
*North American Council on Adoptable Children (NACAC), Database of Parent Groups: https://nacac.org/help/parent-group/<br />
<br />
*NACAC, Developing a Parent-to-Parent Support Network: http://www.nacac.org/adoptalk/parent2parentnetwork.pdf<br />
<br />
'''Adoptive family and child events, camps, and heritage activities'''<br />
<br />
*Rainbow [[Kids]], [[Adoption]] Calendar: http://www.rainbowkids.com/Events.aspx<br />
<br />
*PACT: http://www.pactadopt.org/app/servlet/ HomePage<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Respite Care'''<br />
*ARCH, National Respite Locator: http://archrespite.org/respitelocator<br />
<br />
====Health and Mental Health Services====<br />
'''Therapy/counseling'''<br />
*American Psychological Association (APA) Psychologist Locator: http://locator.apa.org/<br />
<br />
*American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), Healthy Children: http://www.healthychildren.org<br />
<br />
<br />
====Education and Information====<br />
'''Training, workshops, & conferences'''<br />
<br />
*[[Adoption]] Learning Partners: http://adoptionlearningpartners.org<br />
<br />
'''Book, magazines, websites, & other resources'''<br />
<br />
*The Center for [[Adoption]] Support and Education (C.A.S.E), Resources: http://www.adoptionsupport.org/res/index.php<br />
<br />
'''Adoptive child background information'''<br />
<br />
==Acknowledgment==<br />
The original (2006) version of this factsheet was developed by Child Welfare Information Gateway, in partnership with Susan Frievalds. This update is made possible by the Children’s Bureau, Administration on Children, Youth and Families, Administration for Children and Families, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The conclusions discussed here are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not represent the official views or [[policies]] of the funding agency, nor does the funding agency endorse the products or [[organizations]] mentioned in this factsheet.</div>
Admin
https://adoption.com/wiki/Young_Adults:_Openness,_Searching,_and_Access_to_Family_History
Young Adults: Openness, Searching, and Access to Family History
2022-10-12T13:37:51Z
<p>Admin: /* References */</p>
<hr />
<div>''This article has been taken directly from Child Welfare Information Gateway.''<br />
[[File:Openness-Searching-and_Access-to-Family-History.jpg|thumb|450px]]<br />
Being placed for [[adoption]] does not necessarily mean an [[adopted]] person will never be able to contact his or her birth parents again. Adoptions may have some degree of openness, meaning that there is some communication between the birth and adoptive families—possibly including the [[adopted]] person.1 Additionally, the birth family or the [[adopted]] person may attempt a search and [[reunion]] later in life. The number of [[Open Adoptions|open adoptions]] (in which the birth and adoptive families know each other’s identities and have direct contact with the [[adopted]] child) and mediated adoptions (in which contacts between the birth and adoptive families are made indirectly through a mediator) are on the rise. In a 2012 survey of [[Adoption Agencies|adoption agencies]] with [[Infant Adoption|infant adoption]] [[programs]], the agencies reported that only 5 percent of their placements during the previous 2 years were confidential, with 55 percent of the adoptions being fully disclosed and 40 percent being mediated (Siegel & Livingston Smith, 2012). <br />
<br />
There are myriad reasons [[Adopted Persons|adopted persons]] may seek information about or contact with their birth families, such as a desire to establish or reestablish a relationship, help further develop their own identity, or to obtain genetic or medical information. The desire to search may be prompted by specific life events, such as marriage or having children (Corder, 2012). Studies have shown that [[Adopted Persons|adopted persons]] rarely search for their birth parents because of a negative relationship with their [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]] (Muller & Perry, 2001). Perhaps half of all [[adopted]] adults search for [[Identifying Information|identifying information]] or try to make contact with their birth parents (Curtis & Pearson, 2010; Evan B. Donaldson, 2010; Muller & Perry, 2001). [[Adopted Persons|Adopted persons]] in an [[Open Adoption|open adoption]] or who otherwise have contact with their birth parents generally have positive feelings about the relationships (Grotevant et al., 2007; Siegel, 2012) and are glad they searched (Penny et al., 2007). Some earlier studies, however, found that [[Adopted Persons|adopted persons]] who search for their parents may exhibit lower self-esteem, have lower family and friend support, have higher incidences of anger and depression, and more frequently use mental health services (Borders et al., 2000; Cubito & Obremski Brandon, 2000). <br />
<br />
For additional information about [[Open Adoption|open adoption]] and birth family contact, visit [https://www.childwelfare.gov/adoption/preplacement/adoption_openness.cfm Child Welfare Information Gateway]<br />
<br />
For additional information about obtaining birth and/or [[Adoption Records|adoption records]], including State laws that govern this access, visit [https://www.childwelfare.gov/adoption/search/records.cfm Child Welfare Information Gateway]<br />
<br />
<br />
Return to [[Adoption Parenting]]<br />
<br />
[[Young Adults: Postadoption Issues]]<br />
<br />
[[Young Adults: Managing Adoption Issues]]<br />
<br />
[[Young Adults: Additional Resources]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
Baden, A. L., & O’Leary Wiley, M. (2007). Counseling [[Adopted Persons|adopted persons]] in adulthood: Integrating [[research]] and practice. The Counseling Psychologist, 35, 868–901.<br />
<br />
Borders, L. D., Penny, J. M., & Portnoy, F. (2000). [[Adult]] adoptees and their friends: Current functioning and psychosocial well-being. Family Relations, 49, 407–418.<br />
<br />
Child Welfare Information Gateway. (2013a). Openness in [[adoption]]: Building relationships between adoptive and birth families. Retrieved from https://www.childwelfare.gov/pubs/f_openadopt.cfm.<br />
<br />
Child Welfare Information Gateway. (2013b). Working with birth and adoptive families to support [[Open Adoption|open adoption]]. Retrieved from https://www.childwelfare.gov/pubs/f_openadoptbulletin.cfm.<br />
<br />
Corder, K. (2012). Counseling [[adult]] adoptees. The Family Journal, 20, 448–452.<br />
<br />
Cubito, D. S., & Obremski Brandon, K. (2000). Psychological adjustment in [[adult]] adoptees: Assessment of distress, depression, and anger. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 70, 408–413.<br />
<br />
Curtis, R., & Pearson, F. (2010). Contact with birth parents: Differential psychological adjustment for adults [[adopted]] as infants. Journal of Social Work, 10, 347–367.<br />
<br />
Evan B. Donaldson [[Adoption]] Institute. (2009). Beyond culture camp: Promoting health identity formation in [[adoption]]. <br />
<br />
Evan B. Donaldson [[Adoption]] Institute. (2010). For the [[records]] II: An examination of the history and impact of [[adult]] adoptee access to original birth certificates. Retrieved from http://www.adoptioninstitute.org/publications/7_14_2010_ForTheRecordsII. pdf.<br />
<br />
Feigelman, W. (2005). Are adoptees at increased risk for attempting suicide? Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 32, 206–216.<br />
<br />
Grotevant, H. D. (1997). Coming to terms with [[adoption]]: The construction of identity from adolescence into adulthood. [[Adoption]] Quarterly, 1, 3–27.<br />
<br />
Grotevant, H. D., Miller Wrobel, G., Von Korff, L., Skinner, B., Newell, J., Friese, S., & McRoy, R. G. (2007). Many faces of openness in [[adoption]]: Perspectives of [[adopted]] adolescents and their parents. [[Adoption]] Quarterly, 10, 79–101.<br />
<br />
Grotevant, H. D., van Dulmen, M. H. M., Dunbar, N., Nelson-Christinedaughter, J., Christensen, M., Fan, X., & Miller, B. C. (2006). Antisocial behavior of adoptees and nonadoptees: Prediction from early history and adolescent relationships. Journal of [[Research]] on Adolescents, 16, 105–131.<br />
<br />
Howard, J. A. (2012). Untangling the web: The Internet’s transformative impact on [[adoption]]. Retrieved from http://www.adoptioninstitute.org/research/2012_12_UntanglingtheWeb.php.<br />
<br />
Kohler, J. K., Grotevant, H. D., & McRoy, R. G. (2002). [[Adopted]] adolescents’ preoccupation with [[adoption]]: The impact on adoptive family relationships. Journal of Marriage and Family, 64, 93–104.<br />
<br />
Miller, B. C., Fan, X., Grotevant, H. D., Christensen, M., Coyl, D., & van Dulment, M. (2000). [[Adopted]] adolescents’ overrepresentation in mental health counseling: Adoptees’ problems or parents’ lower threshold for referral? Journal of American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 39, 1504–1511.<br />
<br />
Muller, U., & Perry, B. (2001). [[Adopted Persons|Adopted persons]]’ search for and contact with their birth parents I: Who searches and why? [[Adoption]] Quarterly, 4, 5–37.<br />
<br />
Penny, J., Borders, L. D., & Portnoy, F. (2007). Reconstruction of [[adoption]] issues: Delineation of five phases among [[adult]] adoptees. Journal of Counseling & Development, 85(1), 30–41.<br />
<br />
Powell, K. A., & Afifi, T. D. (2005). Uncertainty management and adoptees’ ambiguous [[loss]] of their birth parents. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 22, 129–151.<br />
<br />
Sharma, A. R., McGue, M. K., & Benson, P. L. (1996). The emotional and behavioral adjustment of United States [[adopted]] adolescents: Part I. An overview. Children and Youth Services Review, 18(1/2), 83–100.<br />
<br />
Siegel, D. H. (2012). Growing up in [[Open Adoption|open adoption]]: Young adults’ perspectives. Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services, 93, 133–140.<br />
<br />
Siegel, D. H., & Livingston Smith, S. (2012). Openness in [[adoption]]: From secrecy and stigma to knowledge and connections. <br />
<br />
Yoon, G., Westermeyer, J., Warwick, M., & Kuskowski, M. A. (2012). Substance use disorders and [[adoption]]: Findings from a national sample. PLoS ONE, 7. Retrieved from http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0049655.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0049655<br />
<br />
==Resource==<br />
Child Welfare Information Gateway. (2013). Impact of [[adoption]] on [[Adopted Persons|adopted persons]]. [[Washington]], DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Children’s Bureau.</div>
Admin
https://adoption.com/wiki/Young_Adults:_Openness,_Searching,_and_Access_to_Family_History
Young Adults: Openness, Searching, and Access to Family History
2022-10-12T13:34:03Z
<p>Admin: /* References */</p>
<hr />
<div>''This article has been taken directly from Child Welfare Information Gateway.''<br />
[[File:Openness-Searching-and_Access-to-Family-History.jpg|thumb|450px]]<br />
Being placed for [[adoption]] does not necessarily mean an [[adopted]] person will never be able to contact his or her birth parents again. Adoptions may have some degree of openness, meaning that there is some communication between the birth and adoptive families—possibly including the [[adopted]] person.1 Additionally, the birth family or the [[adopted]] person may attempt a search and [[reunion]] later in life. The number of [[Open Adoptions|open adoptions]] (in which the birth and adoptive families know each other’s identities and have direct contact with the [[adopted]] child) and mediated adoptions (in which contacts between the birth and adoptive families are made indirectly through a mediator) are on the rise. In a 2012 survey of [[Adoption Agencies|adoption agencies]] with [[Infant Adoption|infant adoption]] [[programs]], the agencies reported that only 5 percent of their placements during the previous 2 years were confidential, with 55 percent of the adoptions being fully disclosed and 40 percent being mediated (Siegel & Livingston Smith, 2012). <br />
<br />
There are myriad reasons [[Adopted Persons|adopted persons]] may seek information about or contact with their birth families, such as a desire to establish or reestablish a relationship, help further develop their own identity, or to obtain genetic or medical information. The desire to search may be prompted by specific life events, such as marriage or having children (Corder, 2012). Studies have shown that [[Adopted Persons|adopted persons]] rarely search for their birth parents because of a negative relationship with their [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]] (Muller & Perry, 2001). Perhaps half of all [[adopted]] adults search for [[Identifying Information|identifying information]] or try to make contact with their birth parents (Curtis & Pearson, 2010; Evan B. Donaldson, 2010; Muller & Perry, 2001). [[Adopted Persons|Adopted persons]] in an [[Open Adoption|open adoption]] or who otherwise have contact with their birth parents generally have positive feelings about the relationships (Grotevant et al., 2007; Siegel, 2012) and are glad they searched (Penny et al., 2007). Some earlier studies, however, found that [[Adopted Persons|adopted persons]] who search for their parents may exhibit lower self-esteem, have lower family and friend support, have higher incidences of anger and depression, and more frequently use mental health services (Borders et al., 2000; Cubito & Obremski Brandon, 2000). <br />
<br />
For additional information about [[Open Adoption|open adoption]] and birth family contact, visit [https://www.childwelfare.gov/adoption/preplacement/adoption_openness.cfm Child Welfare Information Gateway]<br />
<br />
For additional information about obtaining birth and/or [[Adoption Records|adoption records]], including State laws that govern this access, visit [https://www.childwelfare.gov/adoption/search/records.cfm Child Welfare Information Gateway]<br />
<br />
<br />
Return to [[Adoption Parenting]]<br />
<br />
[[Young Adults: Postadoption Issues]]<br />
<br />
[[Young Adults: Managing Adoption Issues]]<br />
<br />
[[Young Adults: Additional Resources]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
Baden, A. L., & O’Leary Wiley, M. (2007). Counseling [[Adopted Persons|adopted persons]] in adulthood: Integrating [[research]] and practice. The Counseling Psychologist, 35, 868–901.<br />
<br />
Borders, L. D., Penny, J. M., & Portnoy, F. (2000). [[Adult]] adoptees and their friends: Current functioning and psychosocial well-being. Family Relations, 49, 407–418.<br />
<br />
Child Welfare Information Gateway. (2013a). Openness in [[adoption]]: Building relationships between adoptive and birth families. Retrieved from https://www.childwelfare.gov/pubs/f_openadopt.cfm.<br />
<br />
Child Welfare Information Gateway. (2013b). Working with birth and adoptive families to support [[Open Adoption|open adoption]]. Retrieved from https://www.childwelfare.gov/pubs/f_openadoptbulletin.cfm.<br />
<br />
Corder, K. (2012). Counseling [[adult]] adoptees. The Family Journal, 20, 448–452.<br />
<br />
Cubito, D. S., & Obremski Brandon, K. (2000). Psychological adjustment in [[adult]] adoptees: Assessment of distress, depression, and anger. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 70, 408–413.<br />
<br />
Curtis, R., & Pearson, F. (2010). Contact with birth parents: Differential psychological adjustment for adults [[adopted]] as infants. Journal of Social Work, 10, 347–367.<br />
<br />
Evan B. Donaldson [[Adoption]] Institute. (2009). Beyond culture camp: Promoting health identity formation in [[adoption]]. <br />
<br />
Evan B. Donaldson [[Adoption]] Institute. (2010). For the [[records]] II: An examination of the history and impact of [[adult]] adoptee access to original birth certificates. Retrieved from http://www.adoptioninstitute.org/publications/7_14_2010_ForTheRecordsII. pdf.<br />
<br />
Feigelman, W. (2005). Are adoptees at increased risk for attempting suicide? Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 32, 206–216.<br />
<br />
Grotevant, H. D. (1997). Coming to terms with [[adoption]]: The construction of identity from adolescence into adulthood. [[Adoption]] Quarterly, 1, 3–27.<br />
<br />
Grotevant, H. D., Miller Wrobel, G., Von Korff, L., Skinner, B., Newell, J., Friese, S., & McRoy, R. G. (2007). Many faces of openness in [[adoption]]: Perspectives of [[adopted]] adolescents and their parents. [[Adoption]] Quarterly, 10, 79–101.<br />
<br />
Grotevant, H. D., van Dulmen, M. H. M., Dunbar, N., Nelson-Christinedaughter, J., Christensen, M., Fan, X., & Miller, B. C. (2006). Antisocial behavior of adoptees and nonadoptees: Prediction from early history and adolescent relationships. Journal of [[Research]] on Adolescents, 16, 105–131.<br />
<br />
Howard, J. A. (2012). Untangling the web: The Internet’s transformative impact on [[adoption]]. Retrieved from http://www.adoptioninstitute.org/research/2012_12_UntanglingtheWeb.php.<br />
<br />
Kohler, J. K., Grotevant, H. D., & McRoy, R. G. (2002). [[Adopted]] adolescents’ preoccupation with [[adoption]]: The impact on adoptive family relationships. Journal of Marriage and Family, 64, 93–104.<br />
<br />
Miller, B. C., Fan, X., Grotevant, H. D., Christensen, M., Coyl, D., & van Dulment, M. (2000). [[Adopted]] adolescents’ overrepresentation in mental health counseling: Adoptees’ problems or parents’ lower threshold for referral? Journal of American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 39, 1504–1511.<br />
<br />
Muller, U., & Perry, B. (2001). [[Adopted Persons|Adopted persons]]’ search for and contact with their birth parents I: Who searches and why? [[Adoption]] Quarterly, 4, 5–37.<br />
<br />
Penny, J., Borders, L. D., & Portnoy, F. (2007). Reconstruction of [[adoption]] issues: Delineation of five phases among [[adult]] adoptees. Journal of Counseling & Development, 85(1), 30–41.<br />
<br />
Powell, K. A., & Afifi, T. D. (2005). Uncertainty management and adoptees’ ambiguous [[loss]] of their birth parents. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 22, 129–151.<br />
<br />
Sharma, A. R., McGue, M. K., & Benson, P. L. (1996). The emotional and behavioral adjustment of United States [[adopted]] adolescents: Part I. An overview. Children and Youth Services Review, 18(1/2), 83–100.<br />
<br />
Siegel, D. H. (2012). Growing up in [[Open Adoption|open adoption]]: Young adults’ perspectives. Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services, 93, 133–140.<br />
<br />
Siegel, D. H., & Livingston Smith, S. (2012). Openness in [[adoption]]: From secrecy and stigma to knowledge and connections. Retrieved from http://www.adoptioninstitute.org/research/2012_03_openness.php.<br />
<br />
Yoon, G., Westermeyer, J., Warwick, M., & Kuskowski, M. A. (2012). Substance use disorders and [[adoption]]: Findings from a national sample. PLoS ONE, 7. Retrieved from http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0049655.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0049655<br />
<br />
==Resource==<br />
Child Welfare Information Gateway. (2013). Impact of [[adoption]] on [[Adopted Persons|adopted persons]]. [[Washington]], DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Children’s Bureau.</div>
Admin
https://adoption.com/wiki/How_to_Adopt_from_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina
How to Adopt from Bosnia and Herzegovina
2022-10-12T13:33:16Z
<p>Admin: /* The Process */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{#eimage:https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3218/3123283718_1d9c011d71_n.jpg|410x579px|thumb|''''''<BR/>Source: flickr.com.}}<br />
<br />
==Adoption Authority==<br />
<br />
'''[[Bosnia and Herzegovina]]’s [[Adoption]] Authority''' <br />
<br />
[[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] consists of two entities: the Federation of [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] and Republika Srpska. Family law governing [[adoption]] is within the competence of those entities, and, therefore, two ministries mentioned below are the [[adoption]] authorities for the relevant entity. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''FOR FEDERATION OF [[Bosnia and Herzegovina|BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA]]:'''<br />
Ministry of Labor and Social Policy of the Federation of [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]].<br />
<br />
<br />
'''FOR REPUBLIKA SRPSKA'''<br />
Ministry of Health and Social Welfare of the Republika Srpska.<br />
<br />
Please note that in Brcko District cases, the decision on adoptions by foreign citizens is the responsibility the District’s Department of Health, Sub-Division for Social Welfare. This department is equivalent to a ministry in the entities. <br />
<br />
==The Process==<br />
<br />
The process for adopting a child from [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] generally includes the following steps:<br />
<br />
<br />
# Contact a Social Services Center in [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]]<br />
# Apply to be found eligible to [[adopt]]<br />
# Be matched with a child<br />
# [[Adopt]] the child in [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]]<br />
# Apply for the child to be found eligible for [[orphan]] status <br />
# Bring your child home<br />
<br />
<br />
'''1. Contact a Social Services Center in [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]]'''<br />
<br />
The recommended first step in adopting a child from [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] is to contact a Social Services Center in country. There are no U.S. [[Adoption Agencies|adoption agencies]] operating in [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]]. Prospective [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]] may contact the Social Services Center in the area where they plan to [[adopt]] directly. However, U.S. citizens considering [[adopting from Bosnia and Herzegovina]] may choose to work with a U.S. [[Adoption Agency|adoption agency]] to assist them with the U.S. portions of the process. The [http://sarajevo.usembassy.gov/ U.S. Embassy in Sarajevo] also maintains a list of attorneys that may be useful. Prospective [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]] may contact the Embassy directly for a copy of that [http://sarajevo.usembassy.gov/lawyers.html list]. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''2. Apply to be Found Eligible to [[Adopt]]''' <br />
<br />
In order to [[adopt]] a child from [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]]; you will need to meet the requirements of the Government of [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] and U.S. immigration law. You must submit an application to be found eligible to [[adopt]] with the municipal Center for Social Work of [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]]. A [[Home Study|home study]] conducted by the municipal Center for Social Work is required in all adoptions. You must also file an [[I-600A]], [http://www.uscis.gov/i-600a Application for Advance Processing of an Orphan Petition] with U.S. Department of Homeland Security’s U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services to be found eligible and suitable to [[adopt]]. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''3. Be Matched with a Child''' <br />
<br />
If you are eligible to [[adopt]], and a child is available for intercountry [[adoption]], the central [[adoption]] authority or other authorized entity in [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] will provide you with a referral. Each family must decide for itself whether or not it will be able to meet the needs of and provide a permanent home for a particular child. The child must be eligible to be [[adopted]] according to [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]]’s requirements, as described in the Who Can be [[Adopted]] section. The child must also meet the [http://adoption.state.gov/adoption_process/how_to_adopt/childeligibility.php definition of an orphan] under U.S. immigration law. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''4. [[Adopt]] (or Gain [[Legal Custody]] of) a Child in [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]]''' <br />
<br />
The process for finalizing the [[adoption]] (or gaining [[Legal Custody|legal custody]]) in [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] generally includes the following: Prospective [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]] who wish to apply to [[adopt]] a particular child can do so by contacting the Center for Social Work of the municipality/district in which the child is a resident and submitting the documents listed below. [Note: The Center for Social Work is the Bosnian equivalent of the county or municipal social services department in the United States.] Prospective [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]] who do not have a particular child in mind can contact the Center for Social Work for a designated area to inquire if there are any children eligible for [[adoption]].<br />
<br />
<br />
If the Center affirms that a child is eligible for [[adoption]], the Center will request the documents listed below to determine the eligibility of the prospective [[Adoptive Parent|adoptive parent]](s). It should be noted that Bosnian law gives absolute priority in [[adoption]] to citizens of [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] who live in [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]]. Citizens of [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] who live abroad are potentially eligible, and foreign citizens only exceptionally (typically when there is a compelling medical need and the Social Work Center assesses that the child could get better care abroad). <br />
<br />
<br />
Once the Center reaches a decision, they forward the application package to the appropriate entity’s [[adoption]] authority with their recommendation. The Ministry is supposed to reach a decision about a request for [[adoption]] within two months. Once the Ministry makes a decision, it is sent back to the Center that accepted the application. If the decision is favorable, the prospective [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]] must be personally present at the official ceremony (act) of [[adoption]]. This is an official act signed by the [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]] in person and representatives of the government. It takes place at the Center for Social Work. The court then issues an official decision or decree ratifying the proceedings conducted by the Center for Social Work. The court does not have the authority to overrule the Ministry's decision.<br />
<br />
<br />
*'''Role of [[Adoption]] Authority:''' The entity Ministry will make the final decision, upon the referral (proposal) of the Center for Social Work.<br />
*'''Role of the Court:''' The court will issue an official decree ratifying the proceedings conducted by the Center for Social Work.<br />
*'''Role of [[Adoption Agencies]]:''' There are no U.S. [[Adoption Agencies|adoption agencies]] operating in [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]].<br />
*'''[[Adoption]] Application:''' There is no specific application form. Prospective [[Adoptive Parent|adoptive parent]](s) must write a signed letter to the relevant Center for Social Work providing basic information about themselves. It may be submitted by mail or through an authorized representative.<br />
*'''Time Frame:''' It can take several years for a prospective [[Adoptive Parent|adoptive parent]] to be matched with a child. After both the prospective [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]] and the child have met the requirements for [[adoption]], the child and the prospective adoptive family have an adaptation period of six months. This is mandatory and must take place on the territory of [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]]. During this time, a [[Social Worker|social worker]] visits the family regularly. In cases involving children with [[Special Needs|special needs]], who need special medical care, exceptions to this rule may be made but on a case by case basis. Only after the assessment of the [[Social Worker|social worker]] is complete will the final decision on [[adoption]] be made.<br />
*'''[[Adoption]] Fees:''' None<br />
*'''Documents Required:''' The application must be accompanied by the following documents about each of the [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]]:<br />
:::1. Certified Birth certificate;<br />
:::2. Certified Marriage certificates (if applicable). Medical certificate of good health, preferably provided by a hospital or general practice clinic, rather than a private physician;<br />
:::3. Proof of citizenship (naturalization certificate, certified copy of a birth certificate, or passport);<br />
:::4. Police certificate (i.e., certificate that no criminal record exists) issued by local law enforcement authorities from every place of residence where the applicant has lived for more than a year since the age of 18;<br />
:::5. Court certificate (i.e., certificate proving that the prospective [[Adoptive Parent|adoptive parent]] is not under any court investigation at the present time);<br />
:::6. Certificate about capacity for gainful employment. This should take the form of a resume of previous employment [[records]], and an original letter (on official stationery) signed by the current employer, stating the job title, if the position is full- or part-time, how long the person has been employed and the salary;<br />
:::7. Certificate proving that the prospective [[Adoptive Parent|adoptive parent]] has never been charged with [[Child Neglect|child neglect]] or [[abuse]]. This may take the form of an official letter from the local department of child welfare;<br />
:::8. Documents identifying the prospective [[Adoptive Parent|adoptive parent]]'s income and property;<br />
:::9. [[Home Study|Home study]] ([[Social Worker|social worker]]'s analysis) about the prospective adoptive family, including its ability to care for a child. For non-Bosnian applicants, including Americans, the social services department of the applicant's country must conduct the study. All original documents and the application letter must be in English and each must be accompanied by a translation into Bosnian/Serbian/Croatian with a certified translation. The U.S. Embassy in Sarajevo can provide a list of court translators. The Embassy itself cannot, however, do the translations.'''NOTE:''' Additional documents may be requested.<br />
:::10. Authentication of Documents: The United States and [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] are parties to the Hague [[Apostille]] Convention. U.S. public documents may be authenticated with Apostilles by the appropriate [http://www.hcch.net/index_en.php?act=authorities.details&aid=353 U.S. Competent Authority].<br />
<br />
<br />
'''5. Apply for the Child to be Found Eligible for [[Orphan]] Status'''<br />
<br />
After you finalize the [[adoption]] (or gain [[Legal Custody|legal custody]]) in [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], the Department of Homeland Security, U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services must determine whether the child meets the definition of [[orphan]] under U.S. law. You will need to file a Form [[I-600]], [http://www.uscis.gov/adoption/immigration-through-adoption/orphan-process Petition to Classify Orphan as an Immediate Relative]. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''6. Bring Your Child Home'''<br />
<br />
Once your [[adoption]] is complete (or you have obtained [[Legal Custody|legal custody]] of the child), you need to apply for several documents for your child before you can apply for a U.S. immigrant visa to bring your child home to the United States:<br />
<br />
::1. Birth Certificate<br />
<br />
If you have finalized the [[adoption]] in [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] you will first need to apply for a new birth certificate for your child. Your name will be added to the new birth certificate. <br />
<br />
If you have been granted [[custody]] for the purpose of adopting the child in the United States, the birth certificate you obtain will, in most cases, not yet include your name.<br />
<br />
In order to obtain a new birth certificate for your child, take the [[Adoption Decree|adoption decree]] and the child's [[Original Birth Certificate|original birth certificate]] to the Municipality - Registrar's Office in the town where the child was born (where his/her [[Original Birth Certificate|original birth certificate]] was issued). The [[Adoptive Parent|adoptive parent]]'s marriage certificate and identification cards (or passports) are required.<br />
<br />
::2. [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] Passport<br />
<br />
Your child is not yet a U.S. citizen, so he/she will need a travel document or passport from [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]].<br />
<br />
To apply for a [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] Passport, [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]] will need to apply with the office of the cantonal Ministry of Interior. The required documents include:<br />
::::* Child's birth certificate not older than 6 months;<br />
::::* Parents’ I.D.’s or passports;<br />
::::* Payment of KM 40;<br />
::::* Old passport, if applicable;<br />
::::* Passport application can be submitted in person only; the child has to be present as well; both parents have to sign the application and present their I.D. cards or passports at that time.<br />
<br />
The legal deadline for issuance of a passport from the day of application is 30 days; in practice, it usually takes about two weeks.<br />
<br />
::3. U.S. Immigrant Visa<br />
<br />
After you obtain the new birth certificate and passport for your child and you have filed Form [[I-600]], [http://www.uscis.gov/adoption/immigration-through-adoption/orphan-process Petition to Classify Orphan as an Immediate Relative], you then need to apply for a U.S. immigrant visa for your child from the United States Embassy in Sarajevo. This immigrant visa allows your child to travel home with you. As part of this process, the Consular Officer must be provided the Panel Physician’s [https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/us-visas/Supplements/Supplements_by_Post/TIA-Tirana.html medical report] on the child. <br />
<br />
<br />
You can find instructions for applying for an immigrant visa on the [http://sarajevo.usembassy.gov/immigrant-visas.html Sarajevo Embassy website]. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''Child Citizenship Act''' <br />
<br />
<br />
'''''For adoptions finalized abroad prior to the child’s entry into the United States:''''' A child will acquire U.S. citizenship upon entry into the United States if the [[adoption]] was finalized prior to entry and the child otherwise meets the requirements of [[the Child Citizenship Act of 2000]]. <br />
<br />
'''''For adoptions finalized after the child’s entry into the United States:''''' An [[adoption]] will need to be completed following your child’s entry into the United States for the child to acquire U.S. citizenship. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''''Please be aware that if your child did not qualify to become a citizen upon entry to the United States, it is very important that you take the steps necessary so that your child does qualify as soon as possible. Failure to obtain citizenship for your child can impact many areas of his/her life including family travel, eligibility for education and education grants, and voting.'''''<br />
<br />
<br />
Read more about the [https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/Intercountry-Adoption/adopt_ref/adoption-FAQs/child-citizenship-act-of-2000.html Child Citizenship Act of 2000].<br />
<br />
Back to [[Adopting from Bosnia and Herzegovina]]</div>
Admin
https://adoption.com/wiki/Victoria_Rowell
Victoria Rowell
2022-10-12T13:31:48Z
<p>Admin: /* References */</p>
<hr />
<div>Rowell was a foster child for most of her childhood, in Maine and Massachusetts, sometimes with Black families and sometimes with whites. She credits her foster child experiences with giving her the background of hard work and application which enabled her at 15 to convince unwilling social workers to finance her ballet training and to endure the vicissitudes of show business. <br />
<br />
She was a professional dancer and then went into acting. She works in both television (The Cosby Show, The Young and the Restless, Fresh Prince of Bel Air, Herman's Head, and Deadly Games) and films (The Distinguished Gentleman, with Eddie Murphy, Dumb and Dumber, Eve's Bayou, Barb Wire, Secrets, Diagnosis Murder, etc.). She has endowed an arts, music, dance and sports scholarship foundation for foster children and does speaking events and lobbying for foster children's organizations.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
Victoria Rowell." James Best Entertainment Inc. "Messages from James Best." [Includes portrait]. Available at: [http://www.tuckertyme.com/VRowell.htm] <br />
Koch, John. "Victoria Rowell," Boston Globe, 30 November 1997.<br />
<br />
== Indexes ==<br />
<br />
African/<br />
USA/<br />
20th Century/<br />
21st Century/<br />
Fashion, Hairdressing and Modeling; Beauty Queens/<br />
Music and Dance/<br />
Philanthropists/<br />
Theater, Broadcasting, Cinema/<br />
Formal, American/European-Type Fostering/<br />
Trans-Racial, Trans-Tribal, International or Trans-Cultural Adoption or Fostering/<br />
Other or Unknown Reasons for Serial Placement<br />
<br />
[[Category: Adopted Persons]]</div>
Admin
https://adoption.com/wiki/Benefits_of_Open_Adoption
Benefits of Open Adoption
2022-10-12T13:31:27Z
<p>Admin: /* Citation */</p>
<hr />
<div>''This information was taken directly from Child Welfare Information Gateway''<br />
<br />
Adoption professionals and researchers '''5''' point to important benefits of [[Open Adoption|open adoption]] for [[adopted]] children, birth parents, and [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]]. Since every adoption is different and the situations of the involved parties vary, these benefits may not apply to every adoption.<br />
<br />
==Benefits for Adopted Children and Youth==<br />
Children and youth who have been [[adopted]] naturally have questions about their background and personal histories (Who am I? Who do I look like? Why was I [[adopted]]?). Through openness, [[adopted]] children and youth gain access to birth parents, and possibly grandparents and siblings, which removes the need to search and helps provide needed answers to compelling questions. Regular contact during childhood creates a base of familiarity and normalcy for [[adopted]] children so that they may connect more easily with their birth parents throughout their lives.<br />
<br />
[[Open Adoption|Open adoption]] allows [[adopted]] children and youth to:<br />
*Establish a sense of connection and belonging<br />
*Develop a deeper understanding of their identity and a greater sense of wholeness<br />
*Gain access to important genetic and medical information<br />
*Preserve connections not only to family but also to their cultural and ethnic heritage<br />
*Develop a better understanding for the reasons for placement, which can lessen feelings of [[abandonment]] and increase a sense of belonging<br />
*Relate to birth family members as real people with strengths and flaws rather than idealized (or overly negative) fantasies<br />
*Increase the number of supportive adults in their lives<br />
*Create a foundation for lifelong relationships<br />
<br />
==Benefits for Birth Parents==<br />
While birth parents of a child placed for adoption may continue to feel [[loss]] and [[grief]] over the course of their lives, openness can help them deal with these powerful emotions. Openness from the earliest stages of the adoption process can help birth parents gain a sense of control over the decision-making related to placement of their child. Over time, openness also may help birth parents to:<br />
<br />
*Gain peace of mind and comfort in knowing how their child is doing<br />
*Develop personal relationships with the [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]] and the child as he or she grows<br />
*Become more satisfied with the adoption process<br />
<br />
==Benefits for Adoptive Parents==<br />
While openness is becoming a more common practice, many people seeking to [[adopt]] (as well as their families, friends, and co-workers) are not familiar with [[Open Adoption|open adoption]], and many maintain fears and false impressions of the concept. Once in an [[Open Adoption|open adoption]], however, most [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]] find a comfort level with their arrangements.<br />
<br />
[[Open Adoption|Open adoption]] often allows [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]] to:<br />
*Build a healthy relationship with their child’s birth family and provide lifelong connections for their child<br />
*Gain direct access to birth family members who can answer their child’s questions<br />
*Improve their understanding of their child’s history<br />
*Develop more positive attitudes about their child’s birth parents<br />
*Increase their confidence and sense of permanency in parenting<br />
<br />
==Openness Is Not for Everyone==<br />
In some cases, ongoing contact between a birth and adoptive family is not in a child’s best interest. This may be true when a parent has mental or behavioral issues and is unable to maintain a healthy relationship or respect appropriate boundaries with a child. In some instances, contact might result in additional trauma for a child who has already been victimized by [[abuse]] or [[neglect]].<br />
<br />
In addition, some parents are comfortable only with [[Closed Adoption|closed adoption]]. For example, a birth mother may have strong needs for privacy or may feel that [[confidentiality]] will help her to move on with her life. [[Adoptive Parents|Adoptive parents]] may have concerns over interacting with the birth family or may want to have greater control over the information that their child receives.<br />
<br />
Continue to [[Deciding Whether Open Adoption Is Right for Your Family]]<br />
<br />
Return to [[Adoption Parenting]]<br />
<br />
==Resource==<br />
Child Welfare Information Gateway. (2013). Openness in adoption: Building relationships between adoptive and birth families. [[Washington]], DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Children’s Bureau.<br />
<br />
==Citation==<br />
'''5''' See, for example, the [[research]] conducted under the [[Minnesota]]/Texas Adoption [[Research]] Project (http://www.psych.umass.edu/adoption/) and the review presented in Openness in Adoption: From Secrecy and Stigma to Knowledge and Connections.</div>
Admin
https://adoption.com/wiki/Victoria_Rowell
Victoria Rowell
2022-10-12T13:29:27Z
<p>Admin: /* References */</p>
<hr />
<div>Rowell was a foster child for most of her childhood, in Maine and Massachusetts, sometimes with Black families and sometimes with whites. She credits her foster child experiences with giving her the background of hard work and application which enabled her at 15 to convince unwilling social workers to finance her ballet training and to endure the vicissitudes of show business. <br />
<br />
She was a professional dancer and then went into acting. She works in both television (The Cosby Show, The Young and the Restless, Fresh Prince of Bel Air, Herman's Head, and Deadly Games) and films (The Distinguished Gentleman, with Eddie Murphy, Dumb and Dumber, Eve's Bayou, Barb Wire, Secrets, Diagnosis Murder, etc.). She has endowed an arts, music, dance and sports scholarship foundation for foster children and does speaking events and lobbying for foster children's organizations.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
Victoria Rowell." James Best Entertainment Inc. "Messages from James Best." [Includes portrait]. Available at: [http://www.tuckertyme.com/VRowell.htm] <br />
Koch, John. "Victoria Rowell," Boston Globe, 30 November 1997. Also available at: [http://www.boston.com/globe/magazine/1997/11-20/interview/]<br />
<br />
== Indexes ==<br />
<br />
African/<br />
USA/<br />
20th Century/<br />
21st Century/<br />
Fashion, Hairdressing and Modeling; Beauty Queens/<br />
Music and Dance/<br />
Philanthropists/<br />
Theater, Broadcasting, Cinema/<br />
Formal, American/European-Type Fostering/<br />
Trans-Racial, Trans-Tribal, International or Trans-Cultural Adoption or Fostering/<br />
Other or Unknown Reasons for Serial Placement<br />
<br />
[[Category: Adopted Persons]]</div>
Admin
https://adoption.com/wiki/Tom_Monaghan
Tom Monaghan
2022-10-12T13:27:48Z
<p>Admin: /* References */</p>
<hr />
<div>Monaghan's father died when he was four, and he and his younger brother were put into care by their mother so that she could attend nursing school. They remained in care, foster homes and orphanages, for the next seven years, but then returned to their mother. A few years later he was sent to live on a farm because of problems between him and his mother. <br />
<br />
He was not successful in school, and graduated bottom of his high school class, but he showed business flair from an early age, and he and his brother bought a failing pizza parlor in 1960 for $975, which became the foundation of his Domino's Pizza franchise empire. <br />
<br />
He owned the Detroit Tigers baseball team from 1984 to 1992. <br />
<br />
He is a major supporter of Catholic, conservative and anti-gay causes.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
Monaghan, Tom, and Anderson, Robert. Pizza Tiger. (New York: Random House, 1986)<br />
"Monaghan, Thomas," Current Biography Yearbook, 1990<br />
Engber, Andrea. "Raised without Daddy," Single Mother, 13 (July/August 1993). <br />
<br />
Dottie, Enrico. "Roots of Ambition: Famous Businessmen Who Were Adopted." Available at: please check their site Originally published in USA Today, 5 September 1997<br />
<br />
== Indexes ==<br />
<br />
European/<br />
USA/<br />
20th Century/<br />
21st Century/<br />
Business and Industry/<br />
Philanthropists/<br />
Restaurants/<br />
Self-made Men and Women/<br />
Formal, American/European-Type Fostering/<br />
Pre-school Years/<br />
Unmarried Mother, Single Parent (Mother or Father) Unable to Cope/<br />
Others ("Strangers")/<br />
Temporary Care/<br />
Institutional Care/<br />
Parent(s) Died, Disappeared or Became Incapacitated<br />
<br />
[[Category: Adopted Persons]]</div>
Admin
https://adoption.com/wiki/President_Gerald_Ford
President Gerald Ford
2022-10-12T13:25:27Z
<p>Admin: /* References */</p>
<hr />
<div>'''''1913-2006'''''<br />
<br />
Ford was born Leslie Lynch King, Jr. His parents separated a few weeks after he was born and were divorced when he was two. After his mother remarried he was adopted by his step-father, Gerald R. Ford, although his name was not legally changed until 1935. <br />
<br />
He did not know that his step-father was not his biological father until 1930, when his father walked up to him without warning and introduced himself.<br />
<br />
He spent 25 years in the US House of Representatives and was appointed vice-president in 1973 after the resignation of Spiro Agnew. In 1974 he became president when Richard Nixon resigned, making him the only non-elected president in American history, but he was defeated in the 1976 election by Jimmy Carter. <br />
<br />
He seldom saw his birth father after the divorce.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
Microsoft Encarta 98 Encyclopedia, 1993-97<br />
Who's Who, 1997<br />
Who's Who in America, 1996<br />
Huckshorn, Robert J. "The American Presidency. Gerald Ford: Biography." [Includes portrait]. <br />
<br />
"Gerald R. Ford Biography." [Includes portraits]. Available at: [http://www.lbjlib.utexas.edu/ford/grf/fordbiop.htm] and also at [without the portraits]: [http://sunsite.unc.edu/lia/president/FordLibrary/General_Materials/ford-bio.html]<br />
<br />
== Indexes ==<br />
[[Category: Adopted Persons]]</div>
Admin
https://adoption.com/wiki/Peter_and_Kitty_Carruthers
Peter and Kitty Carruthers
2022-10-12T13:23:25Z
<p>Admin: /* References */</p>
<hr />
<div>'''''Carruthers, Caitlin (Kitty), 1962-'''''<br />
'''''Carruthers, Peter, 1960-'''''<br />
<br />
'''American ice skaters'''<br />
<br />
Adoptive (not biological) brother and sister, the Carruthers were 1984 US Olympic pairs figure skating silver medalists. They became professionals after the Games and retired from regular performing in 1994. Peter is now a sports broadcasting commentator. In their honor, the street in Wilmington, Delaware where the town's ice rink is located has been named Carruthers Lane. They are not biological siblings, but both were adopted as infants from the New England Home for Little Wanderers. Kitty's background is Lebanese and Peter's is Dutch and English.<br />
<br />
Kitty, who at one time dated fellow skater Scott Hamilton, and her husband are also the adoptive parents of two boys.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
Dever, Maria, and Dever, Aileen. Relative Origins: Famous Foster and Adopted People. (Portland: National Book Company, 1992) ("Scott Hamilton")<br />
"Peter & Kitty Carruthers." [Includes portrait]. Available at: [https://www.aol.com/]<br />
<br />
== Indexes ==<br />
[[Category: Adopted Persons]]</div>
Admin
https://adoption.com/wiki/Traveling_Abroad_in_Cameroon
Traveling Abroad in Cameroon
2022-10-12T13:21:12Z
<p>Admin: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{#eimage:https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/graphics/maps/cm-map.gif|410x579px|thumb|'''Map.'''<BR/>Source: cia.gov.}}<br />
<br />
'''Applying for Your U.S. Passport'''<br />
<br />
U.S. citizens are required to enter and depart the United States on a valid U.S. passport. Only the U.S. Department of State has the authority to grant, issue, or verify United States passports. Getting or renewing a passport is easy. The [https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/passports/how-apply/form-finder.html Passport Application Wizard] will help you determine which passport form you need, help you to complete the form online, estimate your payment, and generate the form for you to print-all in one place. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''Obtaining Your Visa'''<br />
<br />
In addition to a U.S. passport, you also need to obtain a visa. Where required, a visa is an official document issued by a foreign country that formally allows you to visit. Visas are attached to your passport and allow you to enter a foreign nation. To find information about obtaining a visa for [[Cameroon]], see the Department of State's [http://travel.state.gov/content/passports/english/country.html Country Specific Information]. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''Staying Safe on Your Trip'''<br />
<br />
Before you travel, it's always a good practice to investigate the local conditions, laws, political landscape, and culture of the country. The State Department is a good place to start. The Department of State provides [http://travel.state.gov/content/passports/english/country.html Country Specific Information] for every country of the world about various issues, including the health conditions, crime, unusual currency or entry requirements, and any areas of instability. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''Staying in Touch on Your Trip'''<br />
<br />
When traveling during the [[adoption]] process, we encourage you to register your trip with the Department of State. Travel registration makes it possible to contact you if necessary. Whether there's a family emergency in the United States, or a crisis in [[Cameroon]], registration assists the U.S. Embassy or Consulate in reaching you.<br />
<br />
<br />
Registration is free and can be done [https://step.state.gov/step/ online].<br />
<br />
Back to [[Adopting from Cameroon]]</div>
Admin
https://adoption.com/wiki/Tourette%E2%80%99s_Syndrome:_Treatments
Tourette’s Syndrome: Treatments
2022-10-12T13:19:27Z
<p>Admin: /* For More Information */</p>
<hr />
<div>''This information was taken directly from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention'' <br />
<br />
Although there is no cure for Tourette Syndrome (TS), there are treatments to help manage the tics caused by TS. Many people with TS have tics that do not get in the way of their living their daily life and, therefore, do not need any treatment. <br />
<br />
However, medication and behavioral treatments are available if tics cause pain or injury; interfere with school, work, or social life; or cause stress. A promising new behavioral treatment is the [http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/tourette/treatments.html#CBIT Comprehensive Behavioral Intervention for Tics (CBIT)]<br />
<br />
Educating the community (for example, peers, educators, and coworkers) about TS can increase understanding of the symptoms, reduce teasing, and decrease stress for people living with TS. People with TS cannot help having tics, and are not being disruptive on purpose. When others understand these facts, people with TS might receive more support, which might, in turn, help lessen some tic symptoms.<br />
<br />
It is common for people with TS to have co-occurring conditions, particularly attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder ([[ADHD]]) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). People with additional conditions will require different treatments based on the symptoms. Sometimes treating these other conditions can help reduce tics. To develop the best treatment plan, people with tics, parents, and health care providers should work closely with one another, and with everyone involved in treatment and support—which may include teachers, childcare providers, coaches, therapists, and other family members. Taking advantage of all the resources available will help guide success.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Medications==<br />
Medications can be used to reduce severe or disruptive tics that might have led to problems in the past with family and friends, other students, or coworkers. Medications also can be used to reduce symptoms of related conditions, such as [[ADHD]] or OCD.<br />
<br />
Medications do not eliminate tics completely. However, they can help some people with TS in their everyday life. There is no one medication that is best for all people. Most medications prescribed for TS have not been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treating tics.<br />
<br />
Medications affect each person differently. One person might do well with one medication, but not another. When deciding the best treatment, a doctor might try different medications and doses, and it may take time to find the treatment plan that works best. The doctor will want to find the medication and dose that have the best results and the fewest side effects. Doctors often start with small doses and slowly increase as needed.<br />
<br />
As with all medications, those used to treat tics can have side effects. Side effects can include weight gain, stiff muscles, tiredness, restlessness, and social withdrawal. The side effects need to be considered carefully when deciding whether or not to use any medication to treat tics. In some cases, the side effects can be worse than the tics.<br />
<br />
Even though medications often are used to treat the symptoms of TS, they might not be helpful for everyone. Two common reasons for not using medications to treat TS are unpleasant side effects and failure of the medications to work as well as expected.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Behavioral Therapy==<br />
Behavioral therapy is a treatment that teaches people with TS ways to manage their tics. Behavioral therapy is not a cure for tics. However, it can help reduce the number of tics, the severity of tics, the impact of tics, or a combination of all of these. It is important to understand that even though behavioral therapies might help reduce the severity of tics, this does not mean that tics are just psychological or that anyone with tics should be able to control them.<br />
<br />
<br />
====Habit Reversal====<br />
Habit [[reversal]] is one of the most studied behavioral interventions for people with tics'''1'''. It has two main parts: awareness training and competing response training. In the awareness training part, people identify each tic out loud. In the competing response part, people learn to do a new behavior that cannot happen at the same time as the tic. For example, if the person with TS has a tic that involves head rubbing, a new behavior might be for that person to place his or her hands on his or her knees, or to cross his or her arms so that the head rubbing cannot take place.<br />
<br />
<br />
====Comprehensive Behavioral Intervention for Tics (CBIT)====<br />
CBIT is a new, evidence-based type of behavioral therapy for TS and chronic tic disorders. CBIT includes habit [[reversal]] in addition to other strategies, including education about tics and relaxation techniques'''2'''. CBIT has been shown to be effective at reducing tic symptoms and tic-related impairment among children and adults.<br />
<br />
In CBIT, a therapist will work with a child (and his or her parents) or an [[adult]] with TS to better understand the types of tics the person is having and to understand the situations in which the tics are at their worst. Changes to the surroundings may be made, if possible, and the person with TS will also learn to do a new behavior instead of the tic (habit [[reversal]]). For example, if a child with TS often has a certain tic during math class, the math teacher can be educated about TS, and perhaps the child’s seat can be changed so that the tics are not as visible. In addition, the child also can work with a psychologist to learn habit [[reversal]] techniques. This helps to decrease how often the tic occurs by doing a new behavior (like putting his or her hands on his or her knees when an urge to perform the tic happens). CBIT skills can be learned with practice, with the help of an experienced therapist, and with the support and encouragement of those close to the person with TS.<br />
<br />
In recent years, more health professionals have recognized that behavioral therapy can be very effective in managing the symptoms of TS. Unfortunately, very few clinicians have been trained in these types of treatments specifically for TS and tic disorders. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the Tourette Syndrome Association (TSA) have been working to educate more health professionals in this approach to managing TS symptoms. [http://www.tsa-usa.org/imaganw/CBIT_TSA_Brochure_English_web_version.pdf Learn more about CBIT.]<br />
<br />
<br />
====Parent Training====<br />
Children with TS and related conditions and their families also can benefit from parent training, which has been shown to be successful among children with both TS and other disruptive behaviors. Parent training also has been shown to be helpful for children with [[ADHD]]. Parent training helps parents better understand their child’s behavioral issues and learn parenting skills specific to these problems. The training might include learning about the effective use of positive reinforcement and discipline that is effective with their particular child.<br />
<br />
<br />
==For More Information==<br />
Additional information on treatment for TS can be found at the following links:<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2527768/pdf/0170150.pdf Pediatric Psychopharmacology: Psychopharmacology of Tic Disorders]<br />
<br />
[https://www.ninds.nih.gov/ National Institutes of Health Fact Sheet]<br />
<br />
[http://ts-stories.org/ Tourette Syndrome Association]<br />
<br />
[http://www.tsa-usa.org/news/aCBIT_intro.html TSA CBIT Video]<br />
<br />
<br />
Continue to [[Other Concerns and Conditions]]<br />
<br />
<br />
Return to [[Diagnosis for Tourette’s]] or [[Special Needs]]<br />
<br />
==Citations==<br />
'''1''' Cook CR, Blacher J. Evidence-based psychosocial treatments for tic disorders. Clin Psychol: Science and Practice. 2007;14(3):252–67.<br />
<br />
'''2''' Piacentini J, Woods DW, Scahill L, Wilhelm S, Peterson AL, Chang S. Behavior therapy for children with Tourette disorder: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2010;303(19):1929–37.<br />
<br />
==Resource==<br />
National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2014.</div>
Admin
https://adoption.com/wiki/Resources_to_Help_Defray_Adoption_Costs
Resources to Help Defray Adoption Costs
2022-10-12T13:08:37Z
<p>Admin: /* Tax Credits */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
''This information was taken directly from Child Welfare Information Gateway''<br />
<br />
==Resources to Help Defray Adoption Costs==<br />
In many cases, tax credits, subsidies, employer benefits, and loans or grants can help with [[Adoption Costs|adoption costs]].<br />
<br />
====Tax Credits====<br />
[[Adoption]] tax credits may be available to defray some [[Adoption Costs|adoption costs]]. The amount may depend on family income, whether the child is designated as “[[Special Needs|special needs]],” and any other [[adoption]] benefits.'''3''' Parents may want to check with a tax professional to determine applicable benefits. With the passage of the Fostering Connections to Success and Increasing [[Adoption]] Act of 2008, States are required to inform any individual who is adopting of their eligibility for the [[Adoption Tax Credit|adoption tax credit]].<br />
<br />
'''Federal Tax Credits, Tax Exclusion, and Refundable Credits.''' Prospective [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]] may qualify for an [[Adoption Tax Credit|adoption tax credit]] (an amount subtracted from their tax liability). They may also be able to exclude from their income some amounts paid to them or for them by their employer under a qualified [[Adoption Assistance|adoption assistance]] program. Find information about tax credits and tax exclusion for [[adoption]] at the IRS website: http://www.irs.gov/taxtopics/tc607.html<br />
<br />
The 2010 passage of the Affordable Care Act (P.L. 111-148) revised the [[Adoption Tax Credit|adoption tax credit]] by:<br />
<br />
''Extending the credit’s expiration date''<br />
<br />
''Increasing the maximum [[adoption]] credit and the amount that can be excluded from income''<br />
<br />
''Making the [[adoption]] credit refundable, which can reduce tax liability and potentially result in an IRS refund if the credit exceeds the liability''<br />
<br />
The IRS offers frequently asked questions and answers about [[adoption]] taxes credits, exclusions, and refundable credits for [[adoption]] on its website: https://www.irs.gov/<br />
<br />
'''State Tax Credits'''<br />
Several States have enacted tax credits for families adopting children from the public child welfare [[system]]. Some States restrict the credit to adoptions from foster care. '''4'''<br />
<br />
====Subsidies and Reimbursements for Children With Special Needs====<br />
Definitions of children with [[Special Needs|special needs]] vary for each State, but they often include children who are older, have disabilities, belong to a minority group, or must be placed with siblings. To facilitate the [[adoption]] of these children, who often are in foster care, States may provide reimbursements for some [[Adoption Costs|adoption costs]], as well as subsidies for some children. The Information Gateway factsheet ''[[Special Needs Adoption]]: What Does It Mean?'' provides more information on this topic: http://www.childwelfare.gov/pubs/factsheets/specialneeds<br />
<br />
'''Reimbursement for [[Adoption Costs]].''' After families have finalized the [[adoption]] of a child with [[Special Needs|special needs]] from the public child welfare [[system]], they may be able to apply for reimbursement of expenses they paid related to the [[adoption]], including [[Home Study|home study]] fees, travel expenses to see the child, and attorney fees. Most States, under a Federal match program, offer nonrecurring [[adoption]] expenses reimbursements up to a set limit (which cannot exceed $2,000).<br />
<br />
'''Subsidies.''' Federal and State [[Adoption Subsidies|adoption subsidies]] (or [[Adoption Assistance|adoption assistance]]) may be available to help [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]] pay for the ongoing care of children with special physical, mental, or emotional needs. In addition, some children qualify for SSI or Medicaid coverage. The Information Gateway factsheet ''[[Adoption Assistance for Children Adopted From Foster Care]]'' provides more information on this topic: http://www.childwelfare.gov/pubs/f_subsid.cfm<br />
<br />
<br />
====Employer Benefits====<br />
Many employers provide a range of benefits for families that [[adopt]], such as paid or unpaid leave when a child arrives in the home, reimbursement of some portion of [[adoption]] expenses, and assistance with [[adoption]] services. (Corporate human resource departments can provide employees with benefit information.) The Information Gateway factsheet ''Employer- Provided [[Adoption]] Benefits'' provides more information on this topic: http://www.childwelfare.gov/pubs/f_benefi.cfm<br />
<br />
====Adoption Loans and Grants====<br />
[[Adoptive Parents|Adoptive parents]] are sometimes eligible for a loan or a grant to offset some of their [[Adoption Costs|adoption costs]]. Such [[programs]] have specific requirements for types of [[adoption]] and may give preference to families with the greatest financial need or those with other specific factors. Some [[Adoption Agencies|adoption agencies]] may also have grant [[programs]]. More detailed information may be found by checking the resources listed below. <br />
<br />
Continue to [[Affording Adoption: Additional Resources]]<br />
<br />
Return to [[Affording Adoption]]<br />
<br />
<br />
==Citations==<br />
'''3''' To read more about definitions of “[[Special Needs|special needs]],” see Information Gateway’s ''[[Special Needs Adoption]]: What Does It Mean?'' at www.childwelfare.gov/pubs/factsheets/specialneeds<br />
<br />
'''4''' Check your State tax law for the latest information.</div>
Admin
https://adoption.com/wiki/Les_Brown
Les Brown
2022-10-12T13:02:42Z
<p>Admin: /* References */</p>
<hr />
<div>'''''1945-'''''<br />
<br />
'''African-American broadcaster, politician, and motivational speaker'''<br />
<br />
Brown and his twin brother, born in a Miami ghetto, were [[adopted]] at six weeks of age by a single woman. He was hyperactive as a child and labeled a slow learner. <br />
After high school he became a radio DJ, then broadcasting manager, community activist, political commentator, legislator, emcee, and award-winning motivational speaker and writer, with his own promotional company, commanding over $10,000 per speaking engagement.<br />
<br />
He has been married twice and has six children.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
Brown, Les. Live Your Dreams. ([[New York]]: William Morrow & Co.)<br />
"Les Brown: Renowned Public Speaker." [Includes portrait]. Available at: [http://www.getaheadpro.com/brown.htm] <br />
Engber, Andrea. "Raised without Daddy," Single Mother, 13 (July/August 1993). <br />
Biography Resource Center. "Les Brown, 1945-." Available at: [http://www.africanpubs.com/Apps/bios/0351BrownLes.asp?pic=none]<br />
<br />
== Indexes ==<br />
[[Category: Adopted Persons]]</div>
Admin
https://adoption.com/wiki/Finding_and_Using_Postadoption_Services:_Advocating_for_Postadoption_Services
Finding and Using Postadoption Services: Advocating for Postadoption Services
2022-10-12T12:59:31Z
<p>Admin: /* Advocating for Postadoption Services */</p>
<hr />
<div>''This information was taken directly from Child Welfare Information Gateway''<br />
<br />
==Advocating for Postadoption Services==<br />
If quality postadoption services are not already available, parents can advocate for them or start their own. Many postadoption services were founded by concerned [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]]. Parents might want to:<br />
<br />
'''Connect with a State or regional adoption advisory council.''' [[Adoptive Parents|Adoptive parents]] who advocate for postadoption services are frequently represented on these councils. State Adoption Program Managers or Postadoption Services Contacts may be able to link parents with councils in their State. (For contact information, search the National Foster Care & Adoption Directory at http://www.childwelfare.gov/nfcad and check State Foster Care and Adoption Officials.)<br />
<br />
'''Join together with other [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]] and start a parent support group or organize special events.''' (For more information and tips, visit the website of the North American Council on Adoptable Children at https://nacac.org/help/post-adoption-advocacy/)<br />
<br />
'''Talk to local school personnel, mental health providers, and health care professionals about how they can build their skills for meeting the specific needs of [[adopted]] children, youth, and their families.''' Some materials and trainings have been developed for community professionals, such as the following:<br />
<br />
'''National Resource Center for Adoption’s Adoption Competence: A Guide to Developing an [[Adoption Certificate]] Program for Mental Health Practitioners''' http://www.nrcadoption.org/resources/ practice-tools/<br />
<br />
'''C.A.S.E. Adoption-Competence Training resources''' http://www.adoptionsupport.org/train/ index.php<br />
<br />
'''Child Welfare Information Gateway’s Training to Provide Postplacement Adoption Services'''<br />
http://www.childwelfare.gov/adoption/postplacement/training/<br />
<br />
<br />
Continue to [[Finding and Using Postadoption Services: Conclusion and Additional Resources]]<br />
<br />
Return to [[Adoption Parenting]]<br />
<br />
==Acknowledgment==<br />
The original (2006) version of this factsheet was developed by Child Welfare Information Gateway, in partnership with Susan Frievalds. This update is made possible by the Children’s Bureau, Administration on Children, Youth and Families, Administration for Children and Families, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The conclusions discussed here are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not represent the official views or [[policies]] of the funding agency, nor does the funding agency endorse the products or [[organizations]] mentioned in this factsheet.<br />
<br />
==Resource==<br />
Child Welfare Information Gateway. (2012). Finding and using postadoption services. [[Washington]], DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Children’s Bureau.</div>
Admin
https://adoption.com/wiki/Category:How_to_Adopt_from_Afghanistan
Category:How to Adopt from Afghanistan
2022-10-12T12:54:25Z
<p>Admin: /* The Process */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{#eimage:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Afghan_women_at_a_textile_factory_in_Kabul.jpg/800px-Afghan_women_at_a_textile_factory_in_Kabul.jpg|410x579px|thumb|'''Afghan women working in a textile factory in Kabul, [[Afghanistan]].'''<BR/>Source: Wikipedia.org.}}<br />
<br />
{{#eimage:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Herat_Masjidi_Jami_courtyard.jpg/800px-Herat_Masjidi_Jami_courtyard.jpg|410x579px|thumb|'''Herat Masjidi Jami courtyard, [[Afghanistan]]'''<BR/>Source: Wikipedia.org.}}<br />
<br />
{{#eimage:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Tribal_and_religious_leaders_in_southern_Afghanistan.jpg/391px-Tribal_and_religious_leaders_in_southern_Afghanistan.jpg|410x579px|thumb|'''Tribal and religious leaders in Southern [[Afghanistan]].'''<BR/>Source: Wikipedia.org.}}<br />
<br />
=How to Adopt=<br />
<br />
==Afghan's Adoption Authority==<br />
<br />
There is no central government [[adoption]] authority. [[Guardianship]] proceedings are handled by the Afghan Family Court.<br />
<br />
==The Process==<br />
<br />
<br />
The process for adopting a child from [[Afghanistan]] generally includes the following steps:<br />
<br />
<br />
# Choose an [[Adoption Service Provider|adoption service provider]]<br />
# Identify a child to [[adopt]]<br />
# Apply to be found eligible to [[adopt]]<br />
# Gain [[guardianship]] of the child in [[Afghanistan]]<br />
# Apply for the child to be found eligible for [[orphan]] status<br />
# Bring your child home<br />
<br />
<br />
''' 1. Choose an [[Adoption Service Provider]]'''<br />
<br />
The recommended first step in adopting a child from [[Afghanistan]] is to decide whether or not to use a licensed [[Adoption Service Provider|adoption service provider]] in the United States that can help you with your [[adoption]]. [[Adoption]] service providers must be licensed by the U.S. state in which they operate. The Department of State provides information on selecting an [http://adoption.state.gov/adoption_process/how_to_adopt/agencies.php adoption service provider] on its website.<br />
<br />
<br />
''' 2. Identify a Child to [[Adopt]]'''<br />
<br />
If you are found eligible to [[adopt]], and have identified a child who is in need of a [[guardian]] per Afghan law and meets the definition of [[orphan]] under U.S. law, you may petition the Afghan Family Court to obtain [[guardianship]] of that child. Each family must decide for itself whether or not it will be able to meet the needs of and provide a permanent home for a particular child.<br />
<br />
The child must be eligible to be [[adopted]] according to [[Afghanistan]]’s requirements, as described in the Who Can Be [[Adopted]] section. The child must also meet the [https://www.uscis.gov/adoption/immigration-through-adoption/orphan-process definition of orphan] under U.S. immigration law.<br />
<br />
<br />
''' 3. Apply to be Found Eligible to [[Adopt]]'''<br />
<br />
In order to [[adopt]] a child from [[Afghanistan]], you will need to meet the requirements of the Government of [[Afghanistan]] and U.S. immigration law. In order to obtain [[guardianship]] of an Afghan child, you must file a [[guardianship]] petition with the Afghan Family Court.<br />
<br />
Prospective guardians should appear in person at the Afghan Family Court in the province in which they were born (for U.S. citizens who were born in [[Afghanistan]]), or in the province in which the child is currently residing, to file a petition for [[guardianship]] of a particular child. A designated attorney can represent the prospective [[guardian]] in court. The court will consider the request and complete a community/background investigation. If the court approves the [[guardianship]] petition, the guardians and two witnesses will appear in person at the Family Court and a legal [[guardianship]] decree will be issued. Again, a designated attorney can represent the prospective guardians in court. The final [[guardianship]] decree can be obtained from the Family Court in approximately one week.<br />
<br />
To meet U.S. immigration requirements, you may also file an [[I-600A]], [http://www.uscis.gov/i-600a Application for Advance Processing of an Orphan Petition] with U.S. Department of Homeland Security’s U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services to be found eligible and suitable to [[adopt]]. <br />
<br />
<br />
''' 4. Gain [[Legal Custody]] of Child in [[Afghanistan]]'''<br />
<br />
The process for gaining [[Legal Custody|legal custody]] in [[Afghanistan]] generally includes the following:<br />
<br />
<br />
*'''Role of [[Adoption]] Authority:''' There is no central government [[adoption]] authority. [[Guardianship]] proceedings are filed in the Afghan family courts.<br />
*'''Role of the Court:''' Prospective parents must petition the Afghan Family Court for [[guardianship]]. The court will issue a ‘wasiqa’ granting [[guardianship]] to the prospective parents.<br />
*'''Role of [[Adoption Agencies]]:''' None.<br />
*'''[[Adoption]] Application:''' An application for legal [[guardianship]] should be presented to the Afghan Family Court. The application can be obtained through the Family Courts.<br />
*'''Time Frame:''' There is no specific time frame.<br />
*'''[[Adoption]] Fees:''' There are minimal fees (less than USD $100) required to apply for legal [[guardianship]] and to have the [[guardianship]] decree translated into English and authenticated by the court. The current passport fee for a Afghan passport with five year validity is approximately USD $100.<br />
*'''Documents Required:''' Prospective guardians or their attorney should consult the Family Court to determine what documents should be submitted with the [[guardianship]] petition. ''Note: Additional documents may be requested''.<br />
*'''Authentication of Documents:''' You may be asked to provide proof that a document from the United States is authentic. If so, the Department of State, [https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/records-and-authentications/authenticate-your-document/office-of-authentications.html Authentications Office] may be able to assist.<br />
<br />
<br />
''' 5. Apply for the Child to be Found Eligible for [[Orphan]] Status'''<br />
<br />
After you finalize the [[adoption]] (or gain [[Legal Custody|legal custody]]) in [[Afghanistan]], the Department of Homeland Security, U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services must determine whether the child meets the definition of [[orphan]] under U.S. immigration law. You will need to file a Form [[I-600]], [http://www.uscis.gov/adoption/immigration-through-adoption/orphan-process Petition to Classify Orphan as an Immediate Relative].<br />
<br />
<br />
''' 6. Bring Your Child Home'''<br />
<br />
Once your [[adoption]] is complete (or you have obtained [[Legal Custody|legal custody]] of the child), you need to apply for several documents for your child before you can apply for a U.S. immigrant visa to bring your child home to the United States:<br />
<br />
<br />
::1. Birth Certificate<br />
<br />
If you have been granted [[custody]] for the purpose of adopting the child in the United States, a new Afghan birth certificate will not be issued, even after you obtain legal [[guardianship]] of the child. The original Afghan ''tazkera'' will remain valid and will permanently list the biological father’s name. The [[guardianship]] decree should be used in tandem with the Afghan ''tazkera'' for any legal matters where a birth certificate and evidence of [[Legal Custody|legal custody]] are required.<br />
<br />
::2. Afghan Passport<br />
<br />
Your child is not yet a U.S. citizen, so he/she will need a travel document or passport from [[Afghanistan]].<br />
<br />
You can obtain an Afghan passport for your child at the Passport Office in Kabul or at the office in your or the child’s home province. You should submit the child’s original Afghan ‘tazkera’ and the [[guardianship]] decree with the passport application. The fee for a five year validity passport is approximately USD $100 and it takes approximately one to two weeks to process.<br />
<br />
::3. U.S. Immigrant Visa<br />
<br />
After you obtain the new birth certificate and passport for your child and you have filed Form [[I-600]], [http://www.uscis.gov/i-600 Petition to Classify Orphan] as an Immediate Relative, you then need to apply for a U.S. immigrant visa for your child from the U.S. Embassy in Kabul. This immigrant visa allows your child to travel home with you. As part of this process, the Consular Officer must be provided the Panel Physician’s [http://adoption.state.gov/us_visa_for_your_child/health.php medical report] on the child.<br />
<br />
<br />
You can find instructions for applying for an immigrant visa on the [http://kabul.usembassy.gov/immigrant-visas.html U.S. Embassy in Kabul’s website].<br />
<br />
<br />
The prospective adoptive child must be the beneficiary of an approved Form [[I-600]] petition before an immigrant visa may be issued. Prospective [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]] who have a valid, approved Form [[I-600A]] may file their Form [[I-600]] either in the United States with USCIS’s National Benefits Center or in person at the U.S. Embassy in Kabul. Contact the Embassy in Kabul at KabulIV@state.gov to schedule an immigrant visa interview for your prospective adoptive child.<br />
<br />
<br />
A Form I-604 Determination on Child for [[Adoption]] (sometimes informally referred to as an [[orphan]] investigation) is required in all [[orphan]] [[adoption]] cases, even if a Form [[I-600]] petition has been approved, and serves to verify that the child is an [[orphan]] as defined by U.S. immigration law. Generally, the Form I-604 is initiated after the prospective [[Adoptive Parent|adoptive parent]](s) file their Form [[I-600]] petition. Depending upon the circumstances of the case, it can take several months for the I-604 to be completed. [[Adoptive Parents|Adoptive parents]] are advised to have flexible travel plans while awaiting the results of the I-604 investigation. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''Child Citizenship Act'''<br />
<br />
<br />
'''''For adoptions finalized abroad prior to the child’s entry into the United States:''''' A child will acquire U.S. citizenship upon entry into the United States if the [[adoption]] was finalized prior to entry and the child otherwise meets the requirements of the [http://adoption.state.gov/adoption_process/faqs/child_citizenship_act_of_2000.php Child Citizenship Act of 2000].<br />
<br />
'''''For adoptions finalized after the child’s entry into the United States:''''' An [[adoption]] will need to be completed following your child’s entry into the United States for the child to acquire U.S. citizenship.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''''Please be aware that if your child did not qualify to become a citizen upon entry to the United States, it is very important that you take the steps necessary so that your child does qualify as soon as possible. Failure to obtain citizenship for your child can impact many areas of his/her life including family travel, eligibility for education and education grants, and voting.'''''<br />
<br />
Read more about the [http://adoption.state.gov/adoption_process/faqs/child_citizenship_act_of_2000.php Child Citizenship Act of 2000 here].<br />
<br />
==SOURCE==<br />
<br />
'''Intercountry [[Adoption]]. Bureau of Consular Affairs. U.S. Department of State. Country Information.''' <br />
[http://adoption.state.gov/country_information/country_specific_info.php?country-select=afghanistan]<br />
<br />
[[Category: Adoption from Afghanistan]]</div>
Admin
https://adoption.com/wiki/Category:How_to_Adopt_from_Afghanistan
Category:How to Adopt from Afghanistan
2022-10-12T12:51:25Z
<p>Admin: /* The Process */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{#eimage:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Afghan_women_at_a_textile_factory_in_Kabul.jpg/800px-Afghan_women_at_a_textile_factory_in_Kabul.jpg|410x579px|thumb|'''Afghan women working in a textile factory in Kabul, [[Afghanistan]].'''<BR/>Source: Wikipedia.org.}}<br />
<br />
{{#eimage:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Herat_Masjidi_Jami_courtyard.jpg/800px-Herat_Masjidi_Jami_courtyard.jpg|410x579px|thumb|'''Herat Masjidi Jami courtyard, [[Afghanistan]]'''<BR/>Source: Wikipedia.org.}}<br />
<br />
{{#eimage:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Tribal_and_religious_leaders_in_southern_Afghanistan.jpg/391px-Tribal_and_religious_leaders_in_southern_Afghanistan.jpg|410x579px|thumb|'''Tribal and religious leaders in Southern [[Afghanistan]].'''<BR/>Source: Wikipedia.org.}}<br />
<br />
=How to Adopt=<br />
<br />
==Afghan's Adoption Authority==<br />
<br />
There is no central government [[adoption]] authority. [[Guardianship]] proceedings are handled by the Afghan Family Court.<br />
<br />
==The Process==<br />
<br />
<br />
The process for adopting a child from [[Afghanistan]] generally includes the following steps:<br />
<br />
<br />
# Choose an [[Adoption Service Provider|adoption service provider]]<br />
# Identify a child to [[adopt]]<br />
# Apply to be found eligible to [[adopt]]<br />
# Gain [[guardianship]] of the child in [[Afghanistan]]<br />
# Apply for the child to be found eligible for [[orphan]] status<br />
# Bring your child home<br />
<br />
<br />
''' 1. Choose an [[Adoption Service Provider]]'''<br />
<br />
The recommended first step in adopting a child from [[Afghanistan]] is to decide whether or not to use a licensed [[Adoption Service Provider|adoption service provider]] in the United States that can help you with your [[adoption]]. [[Adoption]] service providers must be licensed by the U.S. state in which they operate. The Department of State provides information on selecting an [http://adoption.state.gov/adoption_process/how_to_adopt/agencies.php adoption service provider] on its website.<br />
<br />
<br />
''' 2. Identify a Child to [[Adopt]]'''<br />
<br />
If you are found eligible to [[adopt]], and have identified a child who is in need of a [[guardian]] per Afghan law and meets the definition of [[orphan]] under U.S. law, you may petition the Afghan Family Court to obtain [[guardianship]] of that child. Each family must decide for itself whether or not it will be able to meet the needs of and provide a permanent home for a particular child.<br />
<br />
The child must be eligible to be [[adopted]] according to [[Afghanistan]]’s requirements, as described in the Who Can Be [[Adopted]] section. The child must also meet the [https://www.uscis.gov/adoption/immigration-through-adoption/orphan-process definition of orphan] under U.S. immigration law.<br />
<br />
<br />
''' 3. Apply to be Found Eligible to [[Adopt]]'''<br />
<br />
In order to [[adopt]] a child from [[Afghanistan]], you will need to meet the requirements of the Government of [[Afghanistan]] and U.S. immigration law. In order to obtain [[guardianship]] of an Afghan child, you must file a [[guardianship]] petition with the Afghan Family Court.<br />
<br />
Prospective guardians should appear in person at the Afghan Family Court in the province in which they were born (for U.S. citizens who were born in [[Afghanistan]]), or in the province in which the child is currently residing, to file a petition for [[guardianship]] of a particular child. A designated attorney can represent the prospective [[guardian]] in court. The court will consider the request and complete a community/background investigation. If the court approves the [[guardianship]] petition, the guardians and two witnesses will appear in person at the Family Court and a legal [[guardianship]] decree will be issued. Again, a designated attorney can represent the prospective guardians in court. The final [[guardianship]] decree can be obtained from the Family Court in approximately one week.<br />
<br />
To meet U.S. immigration requirements, you may also file an [[I-600A]], [http://www.uscis.gov/i-600a Application for Advance Processing of an Orphan Petition] with U.S. Department of Homeland Security’s U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services to be found eligible and suitable to [[adopt]]. <br />
<br />
<br />
''' 4. Gain [[Legal Custody]] of Child in [[Afghanistan]]'''<br />
<br />
The process for gaining [[Legal Custody|legal custody]] in [[Afghanistan]] generally includes the following:<br />
<br />
<br />
*'''Role of [[Adoption]] Authority:''' There is no central government [[adoption]] authority. [[Guardianship]] proceedings are filed in the Afghan family courts.<br />
*'''Role of the Court:''' Prospective parents must petition the Afghan Family Court for [[guardianship]]. The court will issue a ‘wasiqa’ granting [[guardianship]] to the prospective parents.<br />
*'''Role of [[Adoption Agencies]]:''' None.<br />
*'''[[Adoption]] Application:''' An application for legal [[guardianship]] should be presented to the Afghan Family Court. The application can be obtained through the Family Courts.<br />
*'''Time Frame:''' There is no specific time frame.<br />
*'''[[Adoption]] Fees:''' There are minimal fees (less than USD $100) required to apply for legal [[guardianship]] and to have the [[guardianship]] decree translated into English and authenticated by the court. The current passport fee for a Afghan passport with five year validity is approximately USD $100.<br />
*'''Documents Required:''' Prospective guardians or their attorney should consult the Family Court to determine what documents should be submitted with the [[guardianship]] petition. ''Note: Additional documents may be requested''.<br />
*'''Authentication of Documents:''' You may be asked to provide proof that a document from the United States is authentic. If so, the Department of State, [http://www.state.gov/authentications/ Authentications Office] may be able to assist.<br />
<br />
<br />
''' 5. Apply for the Child to be Found Eligible for [[Orphan]] Status'''<br />
<br />
After you finalize the [[adoption]] (or gain [[Legal Custody|legal custody]]) in [[Afghanistan]], the Department of Homeland Security, U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services must determine whether the child meets the definition of [[orphan]] under U.S. immigration law. You will need to file a Form [[I-600]], [http://www.uscis.gov/adoption/immigration-through-adoption/orphan-process Petition to Classify Orphan as an Immediate Relative].<br />
<br />
<br />
''' 6. Bring Your Child Home'''<br />
<br />
Once your [[adoption]] is complete (or you have obtained [[Legal Custody|legal custody]] of the child), you need to apply for several documents for your child before you can apply for a U.S. immigrant visa to bring your child home to the United States:<br />
<br />
<br />
::1. Birth Certificate<br />
<br />
If you have been granted [[custody]] for the purpose of adopting the child in the United States, a new Afghan birth certificate will not be issued, even after you obtain legal [[guardianship]] of the child. The original Afghan ''tazkera'' will remain valid and will permanently list the biological father’s name. The [[guardianship]] decree should be used in tandem with the Afghan ''tazkera'' for any legal matters where a birth certificate and evidence of [[Legal Custody|legal custody]] are required.<br />
<br />
::2. Afghan Passport<br />
<br />
Your child is not yet a U.S. citizen, so he/she will need a travel document or passport from [[Afghanistan]].<br />
<br />
You can obtain an Afghan passport for your child at the Passport Office in Kabul or at the office in your or the child’s home province. You should submit the child’s original Afghan ‘tazkera’ and the [[guardianship]] decree with the passport application. The fee for a five year validity passport is approximately USD $100 and it takes approximately one to two weeks to process.<br />
<br />
::3. U.S. Immigrant Visa<br />
<br />
After you obtain the new birth certificate and passport for your child and you have filed Form [[I-600]], [http://www.uscis.gov/i-600 Petition to Classify Orphan] as an Immediate Relative, you then need to apply for a U.S. immigrant visa for your child from the U.S. Embassy in Kabul. This immigrant visa allows your child to travel home with you. As part of this process, the Consular Officer must be provided the Panel Physician’s [http://adoption.state.gov/us_visa_for_your_child/health.php medical report] on the child.<br />
<br />
<br />
You can find instructions for applying for an immigrant visa on the [http://kabul.usembassy.gov/immigrant-visas.html U.S. Embassy in Kabul’s website].<br />
<br />
<br />
The prospective adoptive child must be the beneficiary of an approved Form [[I-600]] petition before an immigrant visa may be issued. Prospective [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]] who have a valid, approved Form [[I-600A]] may file their Form [[I-600]] either in the United States with USCIS’s National Benefits Center or in person at the U.S. Embassy in Kabul. Contact the Embassy in Kabul at KabulIV@state.gov to schedule an immigrant visa interview for your prospective adoptive child.<br />
<br />
<br />
A Form I-604 Determination on Child for [[Adoption]] (sometimes informally referred to as an [[orphan]] investigation) is required in all [[orphan]] [[adoption]] cases, even if a Form [[I-600]] petition has been approved, and serves to verify that the child is an [[orphan]] as defined by U.S. immigration law. Generally, the Form I-604 is initiated after the prospective [[Adoptive Parent|adoptive parent]](s) file their Form [[I-600]] petition. Depending upon the circumstances of the case, it can take several months for the I-604 to be completed. [[Adoptive Parents|Adoptive parents]] are advised to have flexible travel plans while awaiting the results of the I-604 investigation. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''Child Citizenship Act'''<br />
<br />
<br />
'''''For adoptions finalized abroad prior to the child’s entry into the United States:''''' A child will acquire U.S. citizenship upon entry into the United States if the [[adoption]] was finalized prior to entry and the child otherwise meets the requirements of the [http://adoption.state.gov/adoption_process/faqs/child_citizenship_act_of_2000.php Child Citizenship Act of 2000].<br />
<br />
'''''For adoptions finalized after the child’s entry into the United States:''''' An [[adoption]] will need to be completed following your child’s entry into the United States for the child to acquire U.S. citizenship.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''''Please be aware that if your child did not qualify to become a citizen upon entry to the United States, it is very important that you take the steps necessary so that your child does qualify as soon as possible. Failure to obtain citizenship for your child can impact many areas of his/her life including family travel, eligibility for education and education grants, and voting.'''''<br />
<br />
Read more about the [http://adoption.state.gov/adoption_process/faqs/child_citizenship_act_of_2000.php Child Citizenship Act of 2000 here].<br />
<br />
==SOURCE==<br />
<br />
'''Intercountry [[Adoption]]. Bureau of Consular Affairs. U.S. Department of State. Country Information.''' <br />
[http://adoption.state.gov/country_information/country_specific_info.php?country-select=afghanistan]<br />
<br />
[[Category: Adoption from Afghanistan]]</div>
Admin
https://adoption.com/wiki/Affording_Adoption:_Additional_Resources
Affording Adoption: Additional Resources
2022-10-12T12:50:07Z
<p>Admin: /* Additional Resources */</p>
<hr />
<div>''This information was taken directly from Child Welfare Information Gateway''<br />
<br />
==Additional Resources==<br />
Child Welfare Information Gateway offers factsheets that pertain to [[Adoption Costs|adoption costs]]:<br />
<br />
''[[Employer-Provided Adoption Benefits]]'' <br />
http://www.childwelfare.gov/pubs/f_benefi.cfm<br />
<br />
''[[Adoption Assistance for Children Adopted From Foster Care]]'' http://www.childwelfare.gov/pubs/f_subsid.cfm<br />
<br />
National Adoption Foundation offers an adoption grant, loan [[programs]], and [[Adoption Insurance|adoption insurance]]: http://www.nafadopt.org<br />
<br />
National Endowment for Financial Education offers an online booklet on [[Adoption Costs|adoption costs]]: “How to Make Adoption an Affordable Option” http://www.pueblo.gsa.gov/cic_text/family/adoption<br />
<br />
North American Council on Adoptable Children (NACAC) lists State adoption subsidy profiles: https://nacac.org/help/adoption-assistance/adoption-assistance-us/state-programs/<br />
<br />
NACAC also provides information on tax credits for [[Special Needs Adoption|special needs adoption]]: http://www.nacac.org/postadopt/taxcredit.html<br />
<br />
<br />
Return to [[Affording Adoption]]<br />
<br />
==Resource==<br />
Child Welfare Information Gateway. (2011). Costs of adopting. [[Washington]], DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Children’s Bureau.</div>
Admin
https://adoption.com/wiki/How_to_Adopt_from_Malaysia
How to Adopt from Malaysia
2022-10-12T12:49:53Z
<p>Admin: /* The Process */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{#eimage:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Masjid-Selat-Melaka-2260.jpg/800px-Masjid-Selat-Melaka-2260.jpg|410x579px|thumb|'''The Selat Melaka ("Malacca Strait") mosque, built on the beach on [[Palau]] Melaka'''<BR/>Source: Wikipedia.org.}}<br />
<br />
==Adoption Authority==<br />
<br />
'''Malaysian [[Adoption]] Authority'''<br />
<br />
Family and Children’s Division, Social Welfare Department, Ministry of Women, Family and Community Development<br />
<br />
<br />
==The Process==<br />
<br />
The process for adopting a child from [[Malaysia]] generally includes the following steps:<br />
<br />
<br />
# Choose an [[Adoption Service Provider|adoption service provider]]<br />
# Apply to be found eligible to [[adopt]]<br />
# Be matched with a child<br />
# [[Adopt]] [or gain [[custody]] of] the child in [[Malaysia]] <br />
# Apply for the child to be found eligible for [[orphan]] status<br />
# Bring your child home <br />
<br />
<br />
'''1. Choose an [[Adoption Service Provider]]'''<br />
<br />
The recommended first step in adopting a child from [[Malaysia]] is to decide whether or not to use a licensed [[Adoption Service Provider|adoption service provider]] in the United States that can help you with your [[adoption]]. [[Adoption]] service providers must be licensed by the U.S. state in which they operate. The Department of State provides information on [http://adoption.state.gov/adoption_process/how_to_adopt/agencies.php selecting an [[Adoption Service Provider|adoption service provider]]] on its website.<br />
<br />
There are no [[adoption]] service providers in [[Malaysia]]. All [[adoption]] inquiries should be directed to the Family Services Division, Social Welfare Department, Ministry of Women, Family and Community Development.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''2. Apply to be Found Eligible to [[Adopt]]'''<br />
<br />
In order to [[adopt]] a child from [[Malaysia]], you will need to meet the requirements of the Government of [[Malaysia]] and U.S. immigration law. You must submit an application to be found eligible to [[adopt]] with the Family and Children’s Division, Social Welfare Department, Ministry of Women, Family and Community Development of [[Malaysia]].<br />
<br />
To meet U.S. immigration requirements, you may also file an [[I-600A]], [http://www.uscis.gov/i-600a Application for Advance Processing of an [[Orphan]] Petition] with U.S. Department of Homeland Security’s U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services to be found eligible and suitable to [[adopt]].<br />
<br />
<br />
'''3. Be Matched with a Child'''<br />
<br />
If you are eligible to [[adopt]], and if a child is available for intercountry [[adoption]], the Family and Children’s Division, Social Welfare Department, Ministry of Women, Family and Community Development in [[Malaysia]] may provide you with a referral. Each family must decide for itself whether or not it will be able to meet the needs of and provide a permanent home for a particular child.<br />
<br />
The child must be eligible to be [[adopted]] according to [[Malaysia]]’s requirements, as described in the Who Can Be [[Adopted]] section. The child must also meet the [https://www.uscis.gov/forms/explore-my-options/orphan-adoption-process definition of [[orphan]]] under U.S. immigration law.<br />
<br />
When adopting a non-Muslim child, prospective [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]] may identify a prospective adoptive child privately through friends or relatives in [[Malaysia]] or through the national Social Welfare Department. Once the prospective [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]] have identified a child, they must obtain a statutory declaration (notarized [[affidavit]]) from the biological parent(s) relinquishing all [[Parental Rights|parental rights]] of the child. (The [[affidavit]] is waived if the biological parents cannot be found, or if they have abandoned the child.) The prospective [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]] notify the Social Welfare Department of the Malaysian State in which they are resident of their intention to apply for an [[Adoption]] Order for the child. If the Social Welfare Department identified the child, an "offer" letter will be issued to the prospective [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]]. This notification must be in writing. Regardless of how the child was identified, the prospective [[Adoptive Parent|adoptive parent]](s) must have been “ordinarily resident” in [[Malaysia]] at the time they file the petition with the Sessions or High Court, and must continue to reside with and care for the child in [[Malaysia]] for not less than three consecutive months afterwards.<br />
<br />
When adopting a Muslim child, prospective [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]] may identifya prospective adoptive child privately or through the national Social Welfare Department. The prospective [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]] must obtain a statutory declaration (notarized [[affidavit]]) from the biological parent(s) relinquishing all [[Parental Rights|parental rights]] towards the child. The statutory declaration (notarized [[affidavit]]) is not necessary if the biological parents cannot be found or if they have abandoned the child.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''4. [[Adopt]] or Gain [[Legal Custody]] of Child in [[Malaysia]]'''<br />
<br />
The process for finalizing the [[adoption]] (or gaining [[Legal Custody|legal custody]]) in [[Malaysia]] generally includes the following:<br />
<br />
*'''Role of [[Adoption]] Authority:''' When adopting a non-Muslim child, the national Social Welfare Department is responsible for providing a court-appointed [[guardian]] to investigate and report on the background and circumstances of the child and the prospective [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]], including the financial and emotional stability of the family and whether there was financial compensation involved in the [[adoption]] and, if so, if it was in the best interests of the child. The [[guardian]]’s finalreport is submitted to the Sessions or High Court on the day of the hearing. When adopting a Muslim child, the National Registration Department is the relevant authority able to register an [[adopted]] child (see additional information below). <br />
<br />
*'''Role of the Court:''' The Sessions or High Court is the primary authority on adoptions of non-Muslim children, as it issues the final [[Adoption]] Order that transfers [[guardianship]], [[custody]], and all rights and obligations to the child to the prospective [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]]. The Court may either issue an [[Adoption]] Order or an Interim Order, which awards [[custody]] of the child to the [[Adoptive Parent|adoptive parent]](s) for a probationary period of six months to two years, subject to provisions for the maintenance, education, and supervision of the welfare of the child. <br />
<br />
:The [[Adoption]] Order legally allows the National Registration Department to change the child’s birth certificate, replacing the names of the biological parents with those of the adopting parents. The Registrar of the Court sends a certified copy of the [[Adoption]] Order to the National Registration Department and to the [[Adoptive Parent|adoptive parent]](s) within seven days. The Registrar-General enters the [[Adoption]] Order in the [[Adopted]] Children Register. The Register entry serves as the child’s official record instead of the [[Original Birth Certificate|original birth certificate]]. The [[Adoptive Parent|adoptive parent]] may apply for a certified copy of the entry in the [[Adopted]] Children Register through the Registrar-General.<br />
<br />
:When adopting a Muslim child, a court petition is not required. The Muslim prospective [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]] apply directly to the National Registration Department to document the child as his/her [[adopted]] child. To qualify, the prospective [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]] must have resided with and had continuous [[custody]] of the child for a period of not less than two years. The application should include evidence relating to the care, maintenance, and education of the child during the two years from the date of the biological parents’ statutory declaration (notarized [[affidavit]]) relinquishing all [[Parental Rights|parental rights]] of the child.<br />
<br />
:If the National Registration Department is satisfied with the evidence submitted, an entry will be made in the [[Adopted]] Children Register and a certified copy of the entry delivered to the [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]]. If the Registration Department is not satisfied with the evidence, an officer from the national Social Welfare Department will conduct an investigation on the well-being of the child. Children [[adopted]] under the Registration of Adoptions Act cannot assume the name of or inherit property from the [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]]. <br />
<br />
*'''Role of [[Adoption Agencies]]:''' There are no agencies in [[Malaysia]]. All [[adoption]] inquiries should be directed to the Family Services Division, Social Welfare Department, Ministry of Women, Family and Community Development. <br />
<br />
*'''[[Adoption]] Application:''' When adopting non-Muslim children, local legal counsel will assist [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]] with filing a notice of intention to [[adopt]] with the national Social Welfare Department. The attorney may file an application for an [[Adoption]] Order with the Court (either Session or High) at that time. When adopting Muslim children, prospective [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]] may apply directly to the National Registration Department. <br />
<br />
*'''Time Frame:''' Adoptions can take approximately eight months to two years or more, depending on fostering requirements.<br />
<br />
*'''[[Adoption]] Fees:''' [[Adoption]] application fees are minimal and vary by region, but you must hire a local lawyer to process [[Adoption]] Orders through the Session or High Courts. Lawyers’ fees may range from RM2,000 (US$570) to RM10,000 (US$2,850) or more. For more information on how to obtain a list of lawyers in [[Malaysia]], please email the U.S. Embassy Kuala Lumpur’s consular section at: KLconsular@state.gov.<br />
<br />
*'''Documents Required:''' For adoptions of non-Muslim children, the prospective [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]] must present the following documents to the Malaysian Social Welfare Department under the Ministry of Women, Family and Community Development: <br />
<br />
::::1. His/her valid passport;<br />
<br />
::::2. The [[Original Birth Certificate|original birth certificate]] of the adoptive child; <br />
<br />
::::3. Statutory declaration (notarized [[affidavit]]) containing consent from the biological parent(s);<br />
<br />
::::4. Marriage certificate from the prospective [[Adoptive Parent|adoptive parent]](s), if married; and <br />
<br />
::::5. Notice letter to the Social Welfare Department stating the intention to [[adopt]]. '''NOTE:''' Additional documents may be requested.<br />
<br />
*'''Authentication of Documents:''' You may be asked to provide proof that a document from the United States is authentic. If so, the Department of State, Authentications Office may be able to assist. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''5. Apply for the Child to be Found Eligible for [[Orphan]] Status''' <br />
<br />
After you finalize the [[adoption]] (or gain [[Legal Custody|legal custody]]) in [[Malaysia]], the Department of Homeland Security, U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services must determine whether the child meets the [https://www.uscis.gov/forms/explore-my-options/orphan-adoption-process definition of [[orphan]]] under U.S. immigration law. You will need to file a Form [[I-600]], [http://www.uscis.gov/adoption/immigration-through-adoption/orphan-process Petition to Classify [[Orphan]] as an Immediate Relative]. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''6. Bring Your Child Home'''<br />
<br />
Once your [[adoption]] is complete (or you have obtained [[Legal Custody|legal custody]] of the child), you need to apply for several documents for your child before you can apply for a U.S. immigrant visa to bring your child home to the United States:<br />
<br />
::1. Birth Certificate <br />
<br />
If you have finalized the [[adoption]] in [[Malaysia]], you will first need to apply for a new birth certificate for your child. Your name will be added to the new birth certificate.<br />
<br />
If you have been granted [[custody]] for the purpose of adopting the child in the United States, the birth certificate you obtain will, in most cases, not yet include your name.<br />
<br />
After the Court issues the [[Adoption]] Order, the Register-General will issue (for a small fee) a new birth certificate that lists the names of the [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]] and makes no reference to the [[adoption]]. The [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]] must provide identification in order to obtain the birth certificate.<br />
<br />
::2. Malaysian Passport<br />
<br />
Your child is not yet a U.S. citizen, so he/she will need a travel document or passport from [[Malaysia]].<br />
<br />
The [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]] may apply for a Malaysian passport for the child at any local immigration office. They must bring their U.S. passports and the child’s new birth certificate, along with other required items, in order to apply. The fee is 150 ringgit (approximately USD 50). For more information, see this [http://www.imi.gov.my/index.php/en/main-services/pasport/malaysian-international-passport website]. <br />
<br />
::3. U.S. Immigrant Visa <br />
<br />
After you have obtained the new birth certificate and passport for your child and have filed Form [[I-600]], [http://www.uscis.gov/i-600 Petition to Classify [[Orphan]] as an Immediate Relative], you then need to apply for a U.S. immigrant visa for your child from the U.S. Embassy in Kuala Lumpur. This immigrant visa allows your child to travel home with you. As part of this process, the Consular Officer must be provided the Panel Physician’s [https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/Intercountry-Adoption/Adoption-Process/how-to-adopt/medical-examination.html medical report] on the child.<br />
<br />
The immigrant visa process involves complex Malaysian and U.S. legal requirements. U.S. consular officers give each petition careful consideration on a case-by-case basis to ensure that the legal requirements of both countries have been met, for the protection of the child, the [[Adoptive Parent|adoptive parent]](s), and the biological parents(s). Interested U.S. citizens are strongly encouraged to contact U.S. consular officials in Kuala Lumpur, [[Malaysia]] before formalizing an [[adoption]] or grant of [[custody]] to ensure that appropriate procedures have been followed. This will help make it possible for the Embassy to issue a U.S. immigrant visa for the child.<br />
<br />
Upon receipt of USCIS’ approval of a Form [[I-600]] petition, or upon approving a Form [[I-600]] petition filed directly with the U.S. Embassy in Kuala Lumpur, Embassy staff will contact the petitioners and provide additional instructions on the child’s immigrant visa application process. U.S. consular officers may not begin processing the child’s immigrant visa application until they have either approved a Form [[I-600]] petition submitted directly to the U.S. Embassy in Kuala Lumpur or received formal notification of approval from USCIS.<br />
<br />
'''NOTE:''' Visa issuance after the final interview now generally takes 24 hours and it will not normally be possible to provide the visa to [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]] on the day of the interview.<br />
<br />
You can find instructions for applying for an immigrant visa on the U.S. Embassy in Kuala Lumpur’s website.<br />
<br />
To learn more about the Child Citizenship Act please read about [[The Child Citizenship Act of 2000]].<br />
<br />
Back to [[Adopting from Malaysia]]</div>
Admin
https://adoption.com/wiki/How_to_Adopt_from_Angola
How to Adopt from Angola
2022-10-12T12:44:45Z
<p>Admin: /* The Process */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{#eimage:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Avenida_Amilcar_Cabral_Luanda_March_2013_03.JPG/1024px-Avenida_Amilcar_Cabral_Luanda_March_2013_03.JPG|410x579px|thumb|'''Avenida Amilcar Cabral Luanda.'''<BR/>Source: wikipedia.org.}}<br />
<br />
==Angola’s Adoption Authority==<br />
<br />
National Office of Children and Adolescents of the Ministry of Social Assistance and Reintegration (MINARS); Ministry of Justice; and the National Parliament.<br />
<br />
==The Process==<br />
<br />
The process for adopting a child from [[Angola]] generally includes the following steps:<br />
<br />
<br />
# Choose an [[Adoption Service Provider|adoption service provider]]<br />
# Apply to be found eligible to [[adopt]]<br />
# Be matched with a child<br />
# [[Adopt]] the child in [[Angola]]<br />
# Apply for the child to be found eligible for [[orphan]] status<br />
# Bring your child home<br />
<br />
<br />
'''1. Choose an [[Adoption Service Provider]]''' <br />
<br />
The recommended first step in adopting a child from [[Angola]] is to decide whether or not to use a licensed [[Adoption Service Provider|adoption service provider]] in the United States that can help you with your [[adoption]]. [[Adoption]] service providers must be licensed by the U.S. state in which they operate. The Department of State provides information on [http://adoption.state.gov/adoption_process/how_to_adopt/agencies.php selecting an adoption service provider] on its website.<br />
<br />
There are no specific [[Adoption Agencies|adoption agencies]] in [[Angola]]. Prospective adoptive children can be selected from an [[orphanage]] or foster center. There are orphanages and [[Foster Children|foster children]] centers in all 18 provinces of [[Angola]]. After the selection of the child, prospective [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]] should inform MINARS and request assistance in completing the [[adoption]] process. A list of [[adoption]] attorneys in [[Angola]] may be found at [http://angola.usembassy.gov/lawyer-information.html the U.S. Embassy in Angola’s website].<br />
<br />
<br />
'''2. Apply to be Found Eligible to [[Adopt]]'''<br />
<br />
In order to [[adopt]] a child from [[Angola]], you will need to meet the requirements of the Government of [[Angola]] and U.S. immigration law. You must submit an application to be found eligible to [[adopt]] with the Ministry of Justice. <br />
<br />
To meet U.S. immigration requirements, you may also file an [[I-600A]], [http://www.uscis.gov/i-600a Application for Advance Processing of an Orphan Petition] with U.S. Department of Homeland Security’s U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services to be found eligible and suitable to [[adopt]].<br />
<br />
<br />
'''3. Be Matched with a Child''' <br />
<br />
If you are eligible to [[adopt]], and a child is available for intercountry [[adoption]], MINARS will provide you with a referral to be presented to the Ministry of Justice, Department of Social Assistance of the Family Court. Each family must decide for itself whether or not it will be able to meet the needs of and provide a permanent home for a particular child.<br />
<br />
The child must be eligible to be [[adopted]] according to [[Angola]]’s requirements, as described in the Who Can Be [[Adopted]] section. The child must also meet the [http://adoption.state.gov/adoption_process/how_to_adopt/childeligibility.php definition of an orphan] under U.S. immigration law.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''4. [[Adopt]] Child in [[Angola]]''' <br />
<br />
The process for finalizing the [[adoption]] in [[Angola]] generally includes the following:<br />
<br />
<br />
*'''Role of [[Adoption]] Authority:''' There is no single [[adoption]] authority in [[Angola]]. The National Office of Children and Adolescents accepts [[adoption]] requests on behalf of MINARS. MINARS then [[processes]] and evaluates applications to be forwarded to the Family Court Room (a department of the Ministry of Justice).<br />
*'''Role of the Court:''' The Family Court Room reviews MINARS evaluations, provides permission for the prospective adoptive child be [[adopted]], and forwards the file to the ‘’Assembleia Nacional’’ (National Parliament) for final approval of the [[adoption]].<br />
*'''Role of [[Adoption Agencies]]:''' There are no [[adoption]] service providers in [[Angola]].<br />
*'''[[Adoption]] Application:''' The following sections outline the major provisions of the law that apply to adoptions: <br />
<br />
<br />
:#[[Adoption]] by proxy is prohibited.<br />
:#[[Adoption]] requires the consent of the prospective adoptive child's [[Birth Parent|birth parent]](s) or the [[Legal Guardian|legal guardian]]. Consent will be waived with regard to a child or adolescent whose birth parents are unknown or who have forfeited their [[Parental Rights|parental rights]].<br />
:#A [[Home Study|home study]] is required and will be evaluated by a Judge of the Family Court Room from the Provincial Court before the approval of the Parliament (National Assembly).<br />
:#Prospective [[Adoptive Parent|adoptive parent]](s) should contact a local [[orphanage]] to identify a child for [[adoption]] through the National Office of Children and Adolescents. After a prospective adoptive child is identified, the [[orphanage]] contacts MINARS. If the prospective adoptive child is eligible for [[adoption]], MINARS issues a document giving permission for the prospective adoptive child to be [[adopted]]. The process of identifying the child for [[adoption]] and receiving approval from MINARS can take 6-12 months.<br />
:#The prospective [[Adoptive Parent|adoptive parent]](s) then submit a request to the Family Court Room requesting approval from the National Assembly to [[adopt]] the child. Along with this request, the prospective [[Adoptive Parent|adoptive parent]] attaches the following: <br />
<br />
:::# A copy of the MINARS document giving permission for the child to be [[adopted]]<br />
:::# Birth certificates of the prospective [[Adoptive Parent|adoptive parent]](s)<br />
:::# Marriage (and prior divorce) certificate of the prospective [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]](s) (if applicable)<br />
:::# Police clearance from home country and from [[Angola]]<br />
:::# Medical exam attesting good physical and mental health<br />
:::# Proof of financial support <br />
<br />
<br />
The process of approval from the Parliament can take between 12-18 months.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''NOTE:''' Prospective [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]] should expect to submit certified copies of all documents.<br />
<br />
<br />
During the [[adoption]] process, the prospective [[Adoptive Parent|adoptive parent]](s) can submit a separate request to the Family Court Room requesting [[guardianship]] of the child. The request for [[guardianship]] can be submitted at the same time the request to the National Assembly is submitted. The request must be accompanied by the same documents listed above. A hearing will be scheduled at which the prospective [[Adoptive Parent|adoptive parent]](s) must be present. If the child is ten years of age or older, he/she will also be heard by the Trustee at the Family Court Room. This process may take three to six months to be completed.<br />
<br />
If the child is not an [[orphan]], the prospective [[Adoptive Parent|adoptive parent]] (s) will have to note that on their request and the Trustee of the Family Court Room will send a notification to the birth parents to appear in person and consent to the [[adoption]] of the child. Their consent will effectively permanently sever their [[Parental Rights|parental rights]].<br />
<br />
Once the National Assembly (Parliament) approves the [[adoption]] and the [[Adoptive Parent|adoptive parent]](s) receive the determination, that document must be submitted to the Family Court Room, and the Family Court Judge must issue the [[Adoption Decree|adoption decree]].<br />
<br />
An intercountry [[adoption]] in [[Angola]] can take anywhere from two to three years to complete from the time the prospective adoptive child is identified.<br />
<br />
Prospective adopting parents can expect to pay as much as U.S. $3,000.00 in government fees to complete the [[adoption]]. Attorney’s fees are estimated to be an additional U.S. $10,000.<br />
<br />
The U.S. Embassy in [[Angola]] discourages the payment of any fees that are not properly receipted such as “donations” or “expediting” fees that may be requested from prospective [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]].<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Documents Required:''' <br />
<br />
<br />
::1. Initial application can be made by a letter and should include the personal data of the prospective [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]] and the personal data of the prospective adoptive child. This letter does not need to be notarized.<br />
<br />
::2. Criminal background check and clearance (The USCIS FBI background check is sufficient)<br />
<br />
::3. Medical evaluation can be conducted in the U.S. or [[Angola]]<br />
<br />
::4. Proof of income<br />
<br />
::5. Birth certificate of the prospective [[Adoptive Parent|adoptive parent]](s)<br />
<br />
::6. Birth certificate (if available) for the prospective adoptive child or a statement from the institution where the child has been cared for<br />
<br />
::7. Marriage certificate and divorce decree(s) of prospective [[Adoptive Parent|adoptive parent]](s), if applicable<br />
<br />
::8. Consent from any living biological parent(s) of the child to [[adopt]]. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''All documents must be translated into Portuguese.'''<br />
<br />
The translation into Portuguese must be done in [[Angola]]. Any translator in [[Angola]] can do the translation. A list of translators is available from the Consular Section of the U.S. Embassy. The court will ask the translator to appear in court and swear that the translation is correct.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''NOTE:''' Additional documents may be requested. These documents may include authentication of documents: You may be asked to provide proof that a document from the United States is authentic. If so, the Department of State, [https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/records-and-authentications/authenticate-your-document/office-of-authentications.html Authentications Office] may be able to assist.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''5. Apply for the Child to be Found Eligible for [[Orphan]] Status''' <br />
<br />
After you finalize the [[adoption]] (or gain [[Legal Custody|legal custody]]) in [[Angola]], the Department of Homeland Security, U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services must determine whether the child meets the definition of [[orphan]] under U.S. law. You will need to file a Form [[I-600]], [http://www.uscis.gov/adoption/immigration-through-adoption/orphan-process Petition to Classify Orphan as an Immediate Relative].<br />
<br />
<br />
'''6. Bring Your Child Home'''<br />
<br />
Once your [[adoption]] is complete (or you have obtained [[Legal Custody|legal custody]] of the child), you need to apply for several documents for your child before you can apply for a U.S. immigrant visa to bring your child home to the United States:<br />
<br />
<br />
::1. Birth Certificate<br />
<br />
If you have finalized the [[adoption]] in [[Angola]], you will first need to apply for a new birth certificate for your child. Your name will be added to the new birth certificate.<br />
<br />
A new birth certificate will be issued after the judge's final approval. The judge orders the issuance of a new birth certificate with the [[Adoptive Parent|adoptive parent]](s) name(s) if they desire.<br />
<br />
::2. Angolan Passport<br />
<br />
Your child is not yet a U.S. citizen, so he/she will need a travel document or passport from [[Angola]].<br />
<br />
To apply for an Angolan passport the [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]] have to contact the Angolan Immigration Service, Serviços de Migração e Estrangeiros (SME), in Luanda.<br />
<br />
::3. U.S. Immigrant Visa<br />
<br />
After you obtain the new birth certificate and passport for your child and you have filed Form [[I-600]], [http://www.uscis.gov/adoption/immigration-through-adoption/orphan-process Petition to Classify Orphan as an Immediate Relative], you then need to apply for a U.S. immigrant visa for your child from the United States Embassy in [[Angola]]. This immigrant visa allows your child to travel home with you. As part of this process, the Consular Officer must be provided the Panel Physician’s [https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/Intercountry-Adoption/Adoption-Process/how-to-adopt/medical-examination.html medical report] on the child.<br />
<br />
<br />
You can find instructions for applying for an immigrant visa on [http://angola.usembassy.gov/immigrant-visas.html Embassy Luanda’s website].<br />
<br />
[[Adoptive Parents|Adoptive parents]] may send an email to the U.S. Embassy Consular Section at consularluanda@state.gov to schedule an appointment.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''NOTE:''' Visa issuance after the final interview now generally takes at least 24 hours. It is not normally possible for the Embassy to issue a visa for an [[adopted]] child on the day of the interview. [[Adoptive Parents|Adoptive parents]] should verify current processing times with the U.S. Embassy in [[Angola]] before making final travel arrangements.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Child Citizenship Act'''<br />
<br />
<br />
'''''For adoptions finalized abroad prior to the child’s entry into the United States:''''' A child will acquire U.S. citizenship upon entry into the United States if the [[adoption]] was finalized prior to entry and the child otherwise meets the requirements of the [http://adoption.state.gov/adoption_process/faqs/child_citizenship_act_of_2000.php Child Citizenship Act of 2000].<br />
<br />
'''''For adoptions finalized after the child’s entry into the United States:''''' An [[adoption]] will need to be completed following your child’s entry into the United States for the child to acquire U.S. citizenship.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''''Please be aware that if your child did not qualify to become a citizen upon entry to the United States, it is very important that you take the steps necessary so that your child does qualify as soon as possible. Failure to obtain citizenship for your child can impact many areas of his/her life including family travel, eligibility for education and education grants, and voting. Read more about the [http://adoption.state.gov/adoption_process/faqs/child_citizenship_act_of_2000.php Child Citizenship Act of 2000].'''''<br />
<br />
Back to [[Adopting from Angola]]</div>
Admin
https://adoption.com/wiki/Abuse_and_Neglect:_Prevention_Strategies_and_Protective_Factors
Abuse and Neglect: Prevention Strategies and Protective Factors
2022-10-12T12:41:40Z
<p>Admin: /* Prevention Strategies */</p>
<hr />
<div>''This information was taken directly from Child Welfare Information Gateway''<br />
<br />
The statistics can feel overwhelming. In fiscal year 2011, States reported that 676,569 children were victims of child [[abuse]] or [[neglect]] (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2012). However, child [[abuse]] and [[neglect]] are preventable. State and local governments, community [[organizations]], and private citizens take action every day to protect children. You can help, too. This factsheet provides information on how communities and individual citizens can strengthen families, protect children, and prevent child [[abuse]] and [[neglect]].<br />
<br />
[[Research]] shows that parents and caregivers who have support—from family, friends, neighbors, and their communities—are more likely to provide safe and healthy homes for their children. When parents lack this support or feel isolated, they may be more likely to make poor decisions that can lead to [[neglect]] or [[abuse]].<br />
<br />
Increasingly, concerned citizens and [[organizations]] are realizing that the best way to prevent child [[maltreatment]] is to help parents develop the skills and identify the resources they need to understand and meet their children’s emotional, physical, and developmental needs and protect their children from harm.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Prevention Strategies==<br />
Many State, local, and Tribal governments sponsor prevention activities and<br />
provide a variety of prevention services. Some prevention efforts are intended for everyone, such as public service announcements (PSAs) aimed at raising awareness about child [[maltreatment]] within the general population. Others are specifically targeted for individuals and families who may be at greater risk for child [[abuse]] or [[neglect]].<br />
<br />
Prevention requires a continuum of strategies at the individual, relationship, community, and societal levels. Another key to success is providing prevention services that are evidence based or evidence informed. This means that rather than relying on assumptions about what works, [[research]] has been conducted to demonstrate that a particular service actually improves outcomes for children and families. This helps service providers feel confident in what they are doing, and it can help justify a program’s continued funding when resources are scarce.<br />
<br />
Through its Community-Based Child [[Abuse]] Prevention (CBCAP) grants, the Children’s Bureau funds several evidence- based and evidence-informed State and local prevention [[programs]]: http://friendsnrc.org/cbcap-priority-areas<br />
<br />
Child Welfare Information Gateway’s Prevention [[Programs]] webpage highlights a variety of [[programs]] that address child [[abuse]] and [[neglect]]: https://www.childwelfare.gov/preventing/programs/<br />
<br />
Prevent Child [[Abuse]] America’s 50 chapters nationwide sponsor a number of evidence- based, State-specific [[programs]] to help individuals and communities prevent child [[maltreatment]]. Use Prevent Child [[Abuse]] America’s map to find your State’s chapter and website: http://pcadb.cyberwoven.com/public/chapters/index.cfm <br />
<br />
State children’s trust and prevention funds collectively distribute more than $100 million in funding each year to support a diverse array of evidence-based and innovative statewide and community- based prevention strategies. Find your local children’s trust or prevention fund on the website of the National Alliance of Children’s Trust and Prevention Funds: http://www.ctfalliance.org. The Alliance supports these prevention strategies in the States with training, technical assistance, and [[publications]], most of which are available on the Alliance website. <br />
<br />
Prevention [[programs]] are more effective when they involve parents as partners in all aspects of program planning, implementation, and evaluation. Parents are more likely to make lasting changes when they are empowered to identify solutions that make sense for them.<br />
<br />
Common activities of prevention [[programs]] include:<br />
<br />
'''Public awareness campaigns''', such as PSAs, posters, and brochures that promote healthy parenting, child safety, and how to report suspected [[maltreatment]]<br />
<br />
'''Skills-based curricula''' that teach children safety and protection skills, such as [[programs]] that focus on preventing [[Sexual Abuse|sexual abuse]]<br />
<br />
'''Parent education [[programs]]''' to help parents develop positive parenting skills and decrease behaviors associated with child [[abuse]] and [[neglect]]<br />
<br />
'''Home visiting [[programs]]''' that provide support and assistance to expecting and new mothers in their homes<br />
<br />
'''Parent mentor or leadership [[programs]]''' that provide role models and support to families in crisis<br />
<br />
'''Parent support groups''', where parents work together to strengthen their families and build social networks<br />
<br />
'''Respite and crisis care [[programs]]''', which offer temporary relief to caregivers in stressful situations by providing short- term care for their children<br />
<br />
'''Family resource centers''', which work with community members to develop a variety of services to meet the specific needs of the people who live in surrounding neighborhoods<br />
<br />
The FRIENDS National Resource Center for Community-Based Child [[Abuse]] Prevention, a service of the Children’s Bureau, works closely with Circle of Parents® to [[Foster Parent|foster parent]] leadership, education, and involvement. The FRIENDS website has several resources for parents, which are available at https://friendsnrc.org/<br />
Circle of Parents® provides a friendly, supportive environment led by parents<br />
and other caregivers where anyone in<br />
a parenting role can openly discuss the successes and challenges of raising children. You can find more information about Circle of Parents® at http://www.circleofparents.org/about_us/index.html.<br />
Stop it Now! is a national organization focused on preventing [[Sexual Abuse|sexual abuse]] and offers information, supports, and resources for prevention. Some of its materials aimed at parents include prevention tip sheets, [[abuse]] warning signs tip sheets, and archives of its publication PARENTtalk. PARENTtalk was published from 1998 to 2007 and was written by and for parents and caregivers of youth with sexual behavior problems. These resources and more are available on the Stop it Now! website: http://www.stopitnow.org/<br />
<br />
==Protective Factors==<br />
Prevention [[programs]] have long focused on reducing particular risk factors, or conditions that [[research]] shows are associated with child [[abuse]] and [[neglect]]. Increasingly, prevention services are also recognizing the importance of promoting protective factors, circumstances in families and communities that increase the health and well-being of children and families. These factors help parents who might otherwise be at risk of abusing or neglecting their children to find resources, supports, or coping strategies that allow them to parent effectively, even under stress.<br />
<br />
The following six protective factors have been linked to a lower incidence of child [[abuse]] and [[neglect]]:<br />
<br />
'''Nurturing and attachment.''' When parents and children have strong, warm feelings for one another, children develop trust that their parents will provide what they need to thrive.<br />
<br />
'''Knowledge of parenting and of child and youth development.''' Parents who understand how children grow and develop and know the typical developmental milestones can provide an environment where children can live up to their potential.<br />
<br />
'''Parental resilience.''' Parents who are emotionally resilient have a positive attitude, creatively problem solve, effectively address challenges, and are less likely to direct anger and frustration at their children. <br />
<br />
'''Social connections.''' Trusted and caring family friends provide emotional support to parents by offering encouragement and assistance in facing the daily challenges of raising a family.<br />
<br />
'''Concrete supports for parents.''' Parents need basic resources such as food, clothing, housing, transportation, and access to essential services that address family-specific needs (such as child care, health care, and mental health services) to ensure the health and well-being of their children.<br />
<br />
'''Social and emotional competence.''' Children with the ability to positively interact with others, self-regulate their behaviors, and communicate their feelings have relationships that are more positive with family, friends, and peers. Children without these competencies may be at greater risk for [[abuse]]. <br />
<br />
Preventing Child [[Maltreatment]] and Promoting Well-Being: A Network for Action 2013 Resource Guide supports service providers in their work with parents, caregivers, and their children to strengthen families and prevent child [[abuse]] and [[neglect]]. While this resource is aimed at child welfare professionals, its helpful tip sheets for parents and caregivers address a number of parenting issues. The guide and tip sheets are available on Child Welfare Information Gateway’s website: https://www.childwelfare.gov/preventing/preventionmonth/guide2013/<br />
<br />
FRIENDS offers a Protective Factors Survey to measure families’ protective factors: http://friendsnrc.org/protective-factors-survey<br />
<br />
==How You Can Help==<br />
Parenting is one of the toughest and most important jobs, and we all have a stake in ensuring that parents have access to the resources and support they need to be successful. Entire communities play a role in helping families find the strength they need to raise safe, healthy, and productive children.<br />
<br />
Here are some things you can do:<br />
<br />
'''Get to know your neighbors.''' Problems seem less overwhelming when support is nearby.<br />
<br />
'''Help a family under stress.''' Offer to babysit, help with chores and errands, or suggest resources in the community that can help.<br />
<br />
'''Reach out to children in your community.''' A smile or a word of encouragement can mean a lot.<br />
<br />
'''Be an active community member.''' Lend a hand at local schools, community or faith-based [[organizations]], children’s hospitals, social service agencies, or other places where families and children are supported.<br />
<br />
'''Keep your neighborhood safe.''' Start a Neighborhood Watch or plan a local “National Night Out” community event. You will get to know your neighbors while helping to keep your neighborhood and children safe.<br />
<br />
'''Learn how to recognize and report signs of child [[abuse]] and [[neglect]].''' Reporting your concerns may protect a child and get help for a family who needs it.<br />
<br />
Safe, stable, and nurturing relationships are paramount to healthy child development and preventing child [[maltreatment]]. Essentials for Childhood: Steps to Create Safe, Stable, and Nurturing Relationships, a guide from the National Center for Injury Prevention, Division of Violence Prevention, within the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, aims to help concerned individuals and communities promote these healthy relationships: http://www.cdc.gov/ViolencePrevention/childmaltreatment/essentials/index.html<br />
<br />
More ideas for developing strong families in your community are available in Preventing Child [[Maltreatment]] and Promoting Well- Being: A Network for Action 2013 Resource Guide: https://www.childwelfare.gov/pubs/guide2013/guide.pdf#page=66 <br />
<br />
<br />
Return to [[Special Needs]]<br />
<br />
<br />
==Resources==<br />
Child [[Abuse]] and [[Neglect]]<br />
https://www.childwelfare.gov/can/index.cfm<br />
<br />
Preventing Child [[Abuse]] and [[Neglect]]<br />
https://www.childwelfare.gov/preventing/<br />
<br />
Reporting Child [[Abuse]] and [[Neglect]]<br />
https://www.childwelfare.gov/responding/reporting.cfm<br />
<br />
Protective Factors Framework<br />
https://www.childwelfare.gov/preventing/promoting/protectfactors/protective_factors.cfm <br />
<br />
What Is Child [[Abuse]] and [[Neglect]]? Recognizing the Signs and Symptoms https://www.childwelfare.gov/pubs/factsheets/whatiscan.cfm<br />
<br />
Long-Term Consequences of Child [[Abuse]] and [[Neglect]] https://www.childwelfare.gov/pubs/factsheets/long_term_consequences.cfm<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
Child Welfare Information Gateway. (2013). Preventing child [[abuse]] and [[neglect]]. [[Washington]], DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Children’s Bureau. <br />
<br />
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2012). Child [[Maltreatment]] 2011. [[Washington]], DC: Government Printing Office. Retrieved from http://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/cb/cm11.pdf</div>
Admin
https://adoption.com/wiki/Abuse_and_Neglect:_Effects_of_Maltreatment_on_Brain_Development_Summary_and_Resources
Abuse and Neglect: Effects of Maltreatment on Brain Development Summary and Resources
2022-10-12T12:40:38Z
<p>Admin: /* References */</p>
<hr />
<div>''This information was taken directly from Child Welfare Information Gateway’'<br />
<br />
==Summary==<br />
In 2007, approximately 794,000 children were determined to be victims of [[abuse]] and/ or [[neglect]] (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2009), but it is likely that many more children are actually suffering under adverse conditions. These children already may have suffered damage to their growing brains, and this damage may affect their ability to learn, form healthy relationships, and lead healthy, positive lives.<br />
<br />
One lesson we have learned from the [[research]] on brain development is that environment has a powerful influence on development. Stable, nurturing caregivers and knowledgeable, supportive professionals can have a significant impact on these children’s development. Focusing on preventing child [[abuse]] and [[neglect]], helping to strengthen families, and ensuring that children receive needed services are some of the most important tasks we can undertake. <br />
<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
Ackerman, S. J. (2007). The brain in [[adult]] life and normal aging—The Dana Guide. Retrieved August 2009 from the Dana Foundation website at [https://www.dana.org/]<br />
<br />
Applegate, J. S., & Shapiro, J. R. (2005). Neurobiology for clinical social work theory and practice. [[New York]]: W. W. Norton & Company. <br />
<br />
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (n.d.). Adverse Childhood Experiences Study. Retrieved August 2009 from http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/ACE/index.htm<br />
<br />
Chamberlain, L. B. (2009). The amazing teen brain: What every child advocate needs to know. Child Law Practice, 28(2), 1-2, 22-24.<br />
<br />
Child Trauma Academy. (n.d.). The amazing human brain and human development. Retrieved [[June]] 2009 from http://www.childtraumaacademy.com/amazing_brain/index.html<br />
<br />
Child Welfare Information Gateway. (2007). Addressing the needs of young children in child welfare: Part C—early intervention services. [[Washington]], DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved July 2009 from http://www.childwelfare.gov/pubs/partc/<br />
<br />
Child Welfare Information Gateway. (2008). What is child [[abuse]] and [[neglect]] [[Washington]], DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved July 2009 from http://www.childwelfare.gov/pubs/factsheets/whatiscan.cfm<br />
Committee on Early Childhood, [[Adoption]] and Dependent Care. (2000). Developmental issues for young children in foster care. Pediatrics, 106(5), 1145-1150.<br />
<br />
Cook, A., Spinazzola, J., Ford, J., Lanktree, C., Blaustein, M., Sprague, C., et al. (2005). Complex trauma in children and adolescents. Psychiatric Annals, 35(5), 390- 398.<br />
<br />
Healy, J. M. (2004). Your child’s growing mind: Brain development and learning from birth to adolescence. [[New York]]: Broadway [[Books]].<br />
<br />
National Center on Shaken Baby Syndrome. (2009). Physical consequences of shaking. Retrieved [[June]] 2009 from https://www.dontshake.org/<br />
<br />
National Institute of Mental Health. (2001). Teenage brain: A work in progress (Fact Sheet). Retrieved May 2009 from http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/teenage-brain-a-work-in-progress-fact-sheet/index.shtml<br />
<br />
Perry, B. D. (2000a). The neuroarcheology of childhood [[maltreatment]]: The neurodevelopmental costs of adverse childhood events. Child Trauma Academy. Retrieved [[June]] 2009 from http://www.childtrauma.com<br />
<br />
Perry, B.D. (2000b). Traumatized children: How childhood trauma influences brain development. Child Trauma Academy. Retrieved [[June]] 2009 from https://www.childtrauma.org/<br />
<br />
Perry, B. D. (2001). The neurodevelopmental impact of violence in childhood. In D. Schetky & E. Benedek (Eds.), Textbook of child and adolescent forensic psychiatry (pp. 221-238). [[Washington]], DC: American Psychiatric Press, Inc. <br />
<br />
Perry, B. D. (2002). Childhood experience and the expression of genetic potential: What childhood [[neglect]] tells us about nature and nurture. Brain and Mind, 3, 79-100.<br />
<br />
Perry, B. D. (2006). Applying principles of neurodevelopment to clinical work with maltreated and traumatized children: The neurosequential model of therapeutics. In N. B. Webb (Ed.), Working with traumatized youth in child welfare (pp. 27-52). [[New York]]: The Guilford Press.<br />
<br />
Putnam, F. W. (2006). The impact of trauma on child development. [[Juvenile]] and Family Court Journal. National Council of [[Juvenile]] and Family Court Judges. Retrieved [[June]] 2009 from http://www.ncjfcj.org/images/stories/dept/publications/winter%2006_putnam.pdf<br />
<br />
Rutter, M., O’Connor, T., Beckett, C., Castle, J., Croft, C., Dunn, J., et al. (2000). Recovery and deficit following profound early deprivation. In P. Selman (Ed.), Intercountry [[adoption]]: Developments, trends and perspectives (pp. 89-107). London: British Agencies for [[Adoption]] & Fostering.<br />
<br />
Scannapieco, M. (2008). Developmental outcomes of child [[neglect]]. The APSAC Advisor, Winter. Elmhurst, IL: American Professional Society on the [[Abuse]] of Children.<br />
<br />
Shonkoff, J. P., & Phillips, D. A. (2000). From neurons to neighborhoods: The science of early childhood development. [[Washington]], D.C.: National Academy Press.<br />
<br />
Stien, P. T., & Kendall, J. (2004). Psychological trauma and the developing brain: Neurologically based interventions for troubled children. [[New York]]: The Haworth [[Maltreatment]] and Trauma Press.<br />
<br />
Teicher, M.D. (2000). Wounds that time won’t heal: The neurobiology of child [[abuse]]. Cerebrum: The Dana Forum on brain science, 2(4), 50-67.<br />
<br />
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2009). Child [[maltreatment]], 2007. [[Washington]], DC: Government Printing Office. Retrieved May 2009 from http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/cb/pubs/cm07/cm07.pdf<br />
<br />
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Children’s Bureau. (2009). Strengthening families and communities: 2009 resource guide. [[Washington]], DC: Author. Retrieved [[June]] 2009 from http://www.childwelfare.gov/pubs/res_guide_2009<br />
<br />
ZERO TO THREE. (2009). Brain development: Frequently asked questions. Retrieved May 2009 from http://www.zerotothree.org/site/PageServer?pagename=ter_key_brainFAQ<br />
<br />
==Highlighted Resources==<br />
Child welfare professionals may find these resources particularly helpful:<br />
<br />
'''Center on the Developing Child'''<br />
<br />
Founded and directed by Jack Shonkoff, M.D., the Center publishes and links to [[research]] on early brain development, learning, and behavior and applying that knowledge to [[policies]] and practices. http://www.developingchild.harvard.edu<br />
<br />
'''Centers for Disease Control and Prevention'''<br />
<br />
The CDC website offers several [[publications]] that promote Safe, Stable, and Nurturing Relationships to prevent child [[maltreatment]]. CDC also sponsors the Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) study. http://www.cdc.gov/ViolencePrevention/childmaltreatment/index.html http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/ACE/index.htm<br />
<br />
'''Child Trauma Academy'''<br />
<br />
This website offers free online courses and other trainings on early brain development and the impact of [[maltreatment]]. A wide variety of other resources also are available through the website, including [[books]] and articles by Bruce Perry, M.D., and other experts in the field. http://www.childtrauma.org/<br />
<br />
'''From Neurons to Neighborhoods: The Science of Early Childhood Development'''<br />
<br />
This book was written in 2000 by a committee of experts (Committee on Integrating the Science of Early Childhood Development, J. P. Shonkoff and D. A. Phillips, eds). Not only does it pull together the findings of neurobiology, but the authors explore what the findings suggest for society in terms of how we can nurture and protect our young children.<br />
<br />
'''Healing Trauma: Attachment, Mind, Body, and Brain''' (M. F. Solomon and D. J. Siegel, Editors) <br />
<br />
This book covers both the development and treatment of trauma, including attachment trauma.<br />
<br />
'''The National Child Traumatic Stress Network'''<br />
<br />
This federally funded initiative is a collaboration of academic and community-based service centers whose mission is to “raise the standard of care and improve access to services for traumatized children.” The website includes an extensive list of factsheets of promising practices for treating child trauma. http://www.nctsnet.org/nccts/nav.do?pid=ctr_top_trmnt_prom<br />
<br />
'''ZERO TO THREE'''<br />
<br />
This national nonprofit organization offers resources, training, and support for professionals and parents of young children. The online Baby Brain Map is a useful tool for showing how brain development parallels baby behavior.<br />
<br />
<br />
Return to [[Special Needs]]<br />
<br />
==Resource==<br />
Child Welfare Information Gateway. Available online at http://www.childwelfare.gov/pubs/issue_briefs/brain_development/</div>
Admin
https://adoption.com/wiki/Abuse_and_Neglect:_Effects_of_Maltreatment_on_Brain_Development_Summary_and_Resources
Abuse and Neglect: Effects of Maltreatment on Brain Development Summary and Resources
2022-10-12T07:32:43Z
<p>Admin: /* References */</p>
<hr />
<div>''This information was taken directly from Child Welfare Information Gateway’'<br />
<br />
==Summary==<br />
In 2007, approximately 794,000 children were determined to be victims of [[abuse]] and/ or [[neglect]] (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2009), but it is likely that many more children are actually suffering under adverse conditions. These children already may have suffered damage to their growing brains, and this damage may affect their ability to learn, form healthy relationships, and lead healthy, positive lives.<br />
<br />
One lesson we have learned from the [[research]] on brain development is that environment has a powerful influence on development. Stable, nurturing caregivers and knowledgeable, supportive professionals can have a significant impact on these children’s development. Focusing on preventing child [[abuse]] and [[neglect]], helping to strengthen families, and ensuring that children receive needed services are some of the most important tasks we can undertake. <br />
<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
Ackerman, S. J. (2007). The brain in [[adult]] life and normal aging—The Dana Guide. Retrieved August 2009 from the Dana Foundation website at [https://www.dana.org/]<br />
<br />
Applegate, J. S., & Shapiro, J. R. (2005). Neurobiology for clinical social work theory and practice. [[New York]]: W. W. Norton & Company. <br />
<br />
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (n.d.). Adverse Childhood Experiences Study. Retrieved August 2009 from http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/ACE/index.htm<br />
<br />
Chamberlain, L. B. (2009). The amazing teen brain: What every child advocate needs to know. Child Law Practice, 28(2), 1-2, 22-24.<br />
<br />
Child Trauma Academy. (n.d.). The amazing human brain and human development. Retrieved [[June]] 2009 from http://www.childtraumaacademy.com/amazing_brain/index.html<br />
<br />
Child Welfare Information Gateway. (2007). Addressing the needs of young children in child welfare: Part C—early intervention services. [[Washington]], DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved July 2009 from http://www.childwelfare.gov/pubs/partc/<br />
<br />
Child Welfare Information Gateway. (2008). What is child [[abuse]] and [[neglect]] [[Washington]], DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved July 2009 from http://www.childwelfare.gov/pubs/factsheets/whatiscan.cfm<br />
Committee on Early Childhood, [[Adoption]] and Dependent Care. (2000). Developmental issues for young children in foster care. Pediatrics, 106(5), 1145-1150.<br />
<br />
Cook, A., Spinazzola, J., Ford, J., Lanktree, C., Blaustein, M., Sprague, C., et al. (2005). Complex trauma in children and adolescents. Psychiatric Annals, 35(5), 390- 398.<br />
<br />
Healy, J. M. (2004). Your child’s growing mind: Brain development and learning from birth to adolescence. [[New York]]: Broadway [[Books]].<br />
<br />
National Center on Shaken Baby Syndrome. (2009). Physical consequences of shaking. Retrieved [[June]] 2009 from https://www.dontshake.org/<br />
<br />
National Institute of Mental Health. (2001). Teenage brain: A work in progress (Fact Sheet). Retrieved May 2009 from http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/teenage-brain-a-work-in-progress-fact-sheet/index.shtml<br />
<br />
Perry, B. D. (2000a). The neuroarcheology of childhood [[maltreatment]]: The neurodevelopmental costs of adverse childhood events. Child Trauma Academy. Retrieved [[June]] 2009 from http://www.childtrauma.com<br />
<br />
Perry, B.D. (2000b). Traumatized children: How childhood trauma influences brain development. Child Trauma Academy. Retrieved [[June]] 2009 from http://www.childtrauma.org/CTAMATERIALS/trau_CAMI.asp<br />
<br />
Perry, B. D. (2001). The neurodevelopmental impact of violence in childhood. In D. Schetky & E. Benedek (Eds.), Textbook of child and adolescent forensic psychiatry (pp. 221-238). [[Washington]], DC: American Psychiatric Press, Inc. <br />
<br />
Perry, B. D. (2002). Childhood experience and the expression of genetic potential: What childhood [[neglect]] tells us about nature and nurture. Brain and Mind, 3, 79-100.<br />
<br />
Perry, B. D. (2006). Applying principles of neurodevelopment to clinical work with maltreated and traumatized children: The neurosequential model of therapeutics. In N. B. Webb (Ed.), Working with traumatized youth in child welfare (pp. 27-52). [[New York]]: The Guilford Press.<br />
<br />
Putnam, F. W. (2006). The impact of trauma on child development. [[Juvenile]] and Family Court Journal. National Council of [[Juvenile]] and Family Court Judges. Retrieved [[June]] 2009 from http://www.ncjfcj.org/images/stories/dept/publications/winter%2006_putnam.pdf<br />
<br />
Rutter, M., O’Connor, T., Beckett, C., Castle, J., Croft, C., Dunn, J., et al. (2000). Recovery and deficit following profound early deprivation. In P. Selman (Ed.), Intercountry [[adoption]]: Developments, trends and perspectives (pp. 89-107). London: British Agencies for [[Adoption]] & Fostering.<br />
<br />
Scannapieco, M. (2008). Developmental outcomes of child [[neglect]]. The APSAC Advisor, Winter. Elmhurst, IL: American Professional Society on the [[Abuse]] of Children.<br />
<br />
Shonkoff, J. P., & Phillips, D. A. (2000). From neurons to neighborhoods: The science of early childhood development. [[Washington]], D.C.: National Academy Press.<br />
<br />
Stien, P. T., & Kendall, J. (2004). Psychological trauma and the developing brain: Neurologically based interventions for troubled children. [[New York]]: The Haworth [[Maltreatment]] and Trauma Press.<br />
<br />
Teicher, M.D. (2000). Wounds that time won’t heal: The neurobiology of child [[abuse]]. Cerebrum: The Dana Forum on brain science, 2(4), 50-67.<br />
<br />
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2009). Child [[maltreatment]], 2007. [[Washington]], DC: Government Printing Office. Retrieved May 2009 from http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/cb/pubs/cm07/cm07.pdf<br />
<br />
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Children’s Bureau. (2009). Strengthening families and communities: 2009 resource guide. [[Washington]], DC: Author. Retrieved [[June]] 2009 from http://www.childwelfare.gov/pubs/res_guide_2009<br />
<br />
ZERO TO THREE. (2009). Brain development: Frequently asked questions. Retrieved May 2009 from http://www.zerotothree.org/site/PageServer?pagename=ter_key_brainFAQ<br />
<br />
==Highlighted Resources==<br />
Child welfare professionals may find these resources particularly helpful:<br />
<br />
'''Center on the Developing Child'''<br />
<br />
Founded and directed by Jack Shonkoff, M.D., the Center publishes and links to [[research]] on early brain development, learning, and behavior and applying that knowledge to [[policies]] and practices. http://www.developingchild.harvard.edu<br />
<br />
'''Centers for Disease Control and Prevention'''<br />
<br />
The CDC website offers several [[publications]] that promote Safe, Stable, and Nurturing Relationships to prevent child [[maltreatment]]. CDC also sponsors the Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) study. http://www.cdc.gov/ViolencePrevention/childmaltreatment/index.html http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/ACE/index.htm<br />
<br />
'''Child Trauma Academy'''<br />
<br />
This website offers free online courses and other trainings on early brain development and the impact of [[maltreatment]]. A wide variety of other resources also are available through the website, including [[books]] and articles by Bruce Perry, M.D., and other experts in the field. http://www.childtrauma.org/<br />
<br />
'''From Neurons to Neighborhoods: The Science of Early Childhood Development'''<br />
<br />
This book was written in 2000 by a committee of experts (Committee on Integrating the Science of Early Childhood Development, J. P. Shonkoff and D. A. Phillips, eds). Not only does it pull together the findings of neurobiology, but the authors explore what the findings suggest for society in terms of how we can nurture and protect our young children.<br />
<br />
'''Healing Trauma: Attachment, Mind, Body, and Brain''' (M. F. Solomon and D. J. Siegel, Editors) <br />
<br />
This book covers both the development and treatment of trauma, including attachment trauma.<br />
<br />
'''The National Child Traumatic Stress Network'''<br />
<br />
This federally funded initiative is a collaboration of academic and community-based service centers whose mission is to “raise the standard of care and improve access to services for traumatized children.” The website includes an extensive list of factsheets of promising practices for treating child trauma. http://www.nctsnet.org/nccts/nav.do?pid=ctr_top_trmnt_prom<br />
<br />
'''ZERO TO THREE'''<br />
<br />
This national nonprofit organization offers resources, training, and support for professionals and parents of young children. The online Baby Brain Map is a useful tool for showing how brain development parallels baby behavior.<br />
<br />
<br />
Return to [[Special Needs]]<br />
<br />
==Resource==<br />
Child Welfare Information Gateway. Available online at http://www.childwelfare.gov/pubs/issue_briefs/brain_development/</div>
Admin
https://adoption.com/wiki/Burma_and_the_Hague_Convention
Burma and the Hague Convention
2022-10-12T07:28:43Z
<p>Admin: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{#eimage:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/MysticalMraukU.jpg|410x579px|thumb|'''Temples at Mrauk U.'''<BR/>Source: wikipedia.org.}}<br />
<br />
[[Burma]] is not party to the Hague Convention on Protection of Children and Co-operation in Respect of Intercountry [[Adoption]] ([http://adoption.state.gov/hague_convention/overview.php Hague Adoption Convention]). Intercountry adoptions of children from non-Hague countries are processed in accordance with [http://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?c=ecfr&rgn=div5&view=text&node=8:1.0.1.2.8&idno=8#8:1.0.1.2.8.1.1.3 8 Code of Federal Regulations], Section 204.3 as it relates to orphans as defined under the [https://www.uscis.gov/laws-and-policy/legislation/immigration-and-nationality-act Immigration and Nationality Act], Section 101(b)(1)(F).<br />
<br />
<br />
Below is the limited [[adoption]] information that the Department has obtained from the [[adoption]] authority of [[Burma]]. U.S. citizens interested in adopting children from [[Burma]] should contact the [[adoption]] authority of [[Burma]] to inquire about applicable laws and procedures. U.S. citizen prospective [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]] living in [[Burma]] who would like to [[adopt]] a child from the United States or from a third country should also contact [[Burma]]’s [[adoption]] authority. See contact information below.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''''Burmese law does not allow non-Burmese nationals to [[adopt]] or have [[Legal Custody|legal custody]] of Burmese children. The Kittima [[Adoption]] Act of 1941, which is still in force, restricts the right to [[adopt]] to Burmese citizens who are Buddhist. The Government of [[Burma]] does not recognize dual citizenship.'''''<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Caution:''' Prospective [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]] should be aware that not all children in orphanages or children’s homes are adoptable. In many countries, birth parents place their child(ren) temporarily in an [[orphanage]] or children’s home due to financial or other hardship, intending that the child return home when this becomes possible. In such cases, the [[Birth Parent|birth parent]](s) have rarely relinquished their [[Parental Rights|parental rights]] or consented to their child(ren)’s [[adoption]].<br />
<br />
<br />
Please visit the Department of State’s [https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/international-travel/emergencies/what-state-dept-can-cant-do-crisis.html Country Specific Information] for more information on travelling to [[Burma]] and the [http://burma.usembassy.gov/ U.S. Embassy in Rangoon’s] website for information on consular services.<br />
<br />
Back to [[Adopting from Burma]]</div>
Admin
https://adoption.com/wiki/Adopting_from_Gabon
Adopting from Gabon
2022-10-12T07:25:20Z
<p>Admin: /* Hague Convention Information */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{#eimage:https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/graphics/flags/large/gb-lgflag.gif|410x579px|thumb|'''The official flag.'''<BR/>Source: cia.gov.}}<br />
<br />
{{#eimage:https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/graphics/maps/gb-map.gif|410x579px|thumb|'''Map of [[Gabon]].'''<BR/>Source: cia.gov.}}<br />
<br />
{{#eimage:https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/graphics/locator/afr/gb_large_locator.gif|410x579px|thumb|'''Map of [[Gabon]].'''<BR/>Source: cia.gov.}}<br />
<br />
{{#eimage:https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Coat_of_arms_of_Gabon.svg/615px-Coat_of_arms_of_Gabon.svg.png|410x579px|thumb|'''The official coat of arms.'''<BR/>Source: Wikipedia.org.}}<br />
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'''Notice: As of July 14, 2014, all individuals and agencies facilitating [[international]] adoptions must be in compliance with the Intercountry [[Universal Accreditation Act]].'''<br />
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The information contained on this website is for educational purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for professional legal advice. Always seek the advice of a licensed and qualified professional. While the content of this website is frequently updated, information changes rapidly and therefore, some information may be out of date, and/or contain inaccuracies, omissions or typographical errors.<br />
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<br />
=About Gabon=<br />
<br />
El Hadj Omar BONGO Ondimba - one of the longest-serving heads of state in the world - dominated the country's political scene for four decades (1967-2009) following independence from [[France]] in 1960. President BONGO introduced a nominal multiparty [[system]] and a new constitution in the early 1990s. However, allegations of electoral fraud during local elections in December 2002 and the presidential elections in 2005 exposed the weaknesses of formal political structures in [[Gabon]]. Following President BONGO's death in 2009, new elections brought Ali BONGO Ondimba, son of the former president, to power. Despite constrained political conditions, [[Gabon]]'s small population, abundant natural resources, and considerable foreign support have helped make it one of the more stable African countries.<br />
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=Hague Convention Information=<br />
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[[Gabon]] is not party to the Hague Convention on Protection of Children and Co-operation in Respect of Intercountry [[Adoption]] (Hague [[Adoption]] Convention). Intercountry adoptions of children from non-Hague countries are processed in accordance with [http://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?c=ecfr&rgn=div5&view=text&node=8:1.0.1.2.8&idno=8#8:1.0.1.2.8.1.1.3 8 Code of Federal Regulations, Section 204.3] as it relates to orphans as defined under the [https://www.uscis.gov/laws-and-policy/legislation/immigration-and-nationality-act Immigration and Nationality Act, Section 101(b)(1)(F)].<br />
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Below is the limited [[adoption]] information that the Department has obtained from the [[adoption]] authority of [[Gabon]]. U.S. citizens adopting children in rare [[adoption]] cases from [[Gabon]], as well as U.S. citizen prospective [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]] living in [[Gabon]] who would like to [[adopt]] from the United States or from a third country, should contact the [[adoption]] authority of [[Gabon]] to inquire about applicable laws and procedures. See contact information below.<br />
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Potential [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]] begin the process by sending a letter to the Ministry of Social Affairs explaining why they would like to [[adopt]] and providing a description of a child they are seeking to [[adopt]]. Preferably, the potential [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]] reside in [[Gabon]]. If not, they will need to travel to [[Gabon]] to meet the child. The potential [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]] can spend time with the child on weekends and school holidays. After the police have approved the parents and the [[Social Worker|social worker]] has determined that the potential [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]] and the child have developed a strong relationship, the court can finalize the [[adoption]]. <br />
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'''''Caution: Prospective [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]] should be aware that not all children in orphanages or children’s homes are adoptable. In many countries, birth parents place their child(ren) temporarily in an [[orphanage]] or children’s home due to financial or other hardship, intending that the child return home when this becomes possible. In such cases, the [[Birth Parent|birth parent]](s) have rarely relinquished their [[Parental Rights|parental rights]] or consented to their child(ren)’s [[adoption]].'''''<br />
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Please visit the Department of State’s [https://www.uscis.gov/forms/department-of-state-ds-and-other-non-uscis-forms Country Specific Information] for more information on travelling to [[Gabon]] and the U.S. Embassy Libreville website for information on consular services.<br />
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=Contact Information=<br />
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'''THE GABONESE REPUBLIC'S [[Adoption|ADOPTION]] AUTHORITY:'''<br />
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Ministère de la Famille et des Affaires Sociales<br />
B.P. 50, Libreville<br />
Phone +241 76 35 90<br />
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==SOURCE==<br />
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'''Intercountry [[Adoption]], Bureau of Consular Affairs. U.S. Department of State Country Information''' [[adoption]].state.gov/country_information/country_specific_info.php?country-select=[[gabon]]<br />
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[[Category: International Adoption]]</div>
Admin
https://adoption.com/wiki/How_to_Adopt_from_Burundi
How to Adopt from Burundi
2022-10-12T07:17:14Z
<p>Admin: /* The Process */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{#eimage:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/Carolus_Magnus_Schule-Burundi.jpg|410x579px|thumb|'''The Charlemagne School.'''<BR/>Source: Wikipedia.org.}}<br />
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'''WARNING: [[Burundi]] is party to the Hague [[Adoption]] Convention. Do not [[adopt]] or obtain [[Legal Custody|legal custody]] of a child in [[Burundi]] before a U.S. consular officer issues an “Article 5 Letter” in the case. Read on for more information.'''<br />
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==Adoption Authority==<br />
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'''[[Burundi]]’s [[Adoption]] Authority'''<br />
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Ministry of Solidarity, Human Rights, and Gender <br />
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'''NOTE:''' If any of the following occurred prior to April 1, 2008 (the date on which the Hague [[Adoption]] Convention entered into force with respect to the United States), the Hague [[Adoption]] Convention may not apply to your [[adoption]]: 1) you filed a Form [[I-600A]] identifying [[Burundi]] as the country where you intended to [[adopt]]; 2) you filed a Form [[I-600]]; or; 3) the [[adoption]] was completed. Under these circumstances, your [[adopted]] child’s visa application could continue to be processed in accordance with the immigration regulations for non-Convention adoptions. For more information, read about Transition Cases. Similarly, if the Hague [[Adoption]] Convention entered into force in [[Burundi]] after April 1, 2008, and you have an approved, unexpired Form [[I-600A]] or filed a Form [[I-600]] before the entry into force date in [[Burundi]], your [[adoption]] may be considered a transition case. Please contact adoptionusca@state.gov with the details of the case if this situation applies to you. <br />
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==The Process==<br />
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Because [[Burundi]] is party to the Hague [[Adoption]] Convention, [[adopting from Burundi]] must follow a specific process designed to meet the Convention’s requirements. A brief summary of the Convention [[adoption]] process is given below. You must complete these steps in the following order to meet all necessary legal requirements. Adoptions completed out of order may result in the child not being eligible for an immigrant visa to the United States. <br />
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# Choose an Accredited [[Adoption Service Provider]] <br />
# Apply to be Found Eligible to [[Adopt]] <br />
# Be matched with a child by authorities in [[Burundi]]<br />
# Apply to USCIS for the child to be found eligible for immigration to the United States and receive U.S. agreement to proceed with the [[adoption]]<br />
# [[Adopt]] the Child (of Gain [[Legal Custody]]) in [[Burundi]] <br />
# Obtain a U.S. immigrant visa for your child and bring your child home<br />
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'''1. Choose an Accredited [[Adoption Service Provider]]:'''<br />
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The recommended first step in adopting a child from [[Burundi]] is to select an [[Adoption Service Provider|adoption service provider]] in the United States that has been accredited or approved to provide services to U.S. citizens in Convention cases. Only accredited or approved [[adoption]] services providers may act as the primary provider in your case. The primary [[Adoption Service Provider|adoption service provider]] is responsible for ensuring that all [[adoption]] services in the case are done in accordance with The Hague [[Adoption]] Convention requirements and U.S. laws and regulations. Learn more about [http://adoption.state.gov/hague_convention/accreditation.php Agency Accreditation.]<br />
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Additionally, Burundian law requires that U.S. [[adoption]] service providers providing services in [[Burundi]] be authorized by [[Burundi]]’s Ministry of Solidarity, Human Rights, and Gender. Prospective [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]] can obtain a current list of authorized U.S. [[adoption]] service providers from the Ministry by calling +257 22 216 303 or emailing solidaritegenre@yahoo.fr.<br />
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'''2. Apply to be Found Eligible to [[Adopt]]:'''<br />
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After you choose an accredited or approved [[Adoption Service Provider|adoption service provider]], you must apply to be found eligible to [[adopt]] by the responsible U.S. government agency, the Department of Homeland Security, U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS), by submitting [http://www.uscis.gov/i-800a Form I-800A]. Read more about [http://adoption.state.gov/adoption_process/who_can_adopt/eligibility.php Eligibility Requirements].<br />
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Once USCIS determines that you are eligible and suited to [[adopt]] under U.S. immigration law by approving the Form I-800A, your [[Adoption Service Provider|adoption service provider]] will provide your approval notice, [[Home Study|home study]], and any other required information to the [[adoption]] authority in [[Burundi]] as part of your [[adoption]] [[dossier]]. [[Burundi]]’s [[adoption]] authority will review your application to determine whether you are also eligible to [[adopt]] under [[Burundi]]’s law. <br />
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'''3. Be Matched with a Child:'''<br />
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If both the United States and [[Burundi]] determine that you are eligible to [[adopt]], and the Burundian Central Authority has determined that a child is available for [[adoption]] and that intercountry [[adoption]] is in that child’s best interests, it may provide you with a referral for that child. The referral is a proposed match between you and a specific child based on a review of your [[dossier]] and the needs of a specific child in [[Burundi]]]. The [[adoption]] authority in [[Burundi]] will provide a background study and other information, if available, about the child to help you decide whether to accept the referral or not. Each family must decide for itself whether or not it will be able to meet the needs and provide a permanent home for a particular child. If you accept the referral, the [[Adoption Service Provider|adoption service provider]] communicates that to the [[adoption]] authority in [[Burundi]]. [http://adoption.state.gov/adoption_process/how_to_adopt/childeligibility.php Learn more] about this critical decision.<br />
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'''4. Apply to USCIS for the child to be found eligible for immigration to the United States and receive U.S. agreement to proceed with the [[adoption]]:'''<br />
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After you accept a match with a child, you will apply to the U.S. Department of Homeland Security, U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) for provisional approval for the child to immigrate to the United States ([http://www.uscis.gov/i-800 Form I-800]). USCIS will make a provisional determination as to whether the child meets the definition of a Convention [[Adoptee]] and will be eligible to enter the United States and reside permanently as an immigrant.<br />
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After provisional approval of [[Form I-800]], your [[Adoption Service Provider|adoption service provider]] or you will submit a visa application to the Consular Section of the U.S. Embassy in Nairobi that is responsible for issuing immigrant visas to children from [[Burundi]]. A consular officer will review the [[Form I-800]] and the visa application for possible visa ineligibilities and advise you of options for the waiver of any noted ineligibilities.<br />
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'''WARNING: The consular officer will send a letter (referred to as an “Article 5 Letter”) to [[Burundi]]’s Central Authority in any intercountry [[adoption]] involving U.S. citizen parents and a child from [[Burundi]] where all Convention requirements are met and the consular officer determines that the child appears eligible to immigrate to the United States. This letter will inform [[Burundi]]’s Central Authority that the parents are eligible and suited to [[adopt]], that all indications are that the child may enter and reside permanently in the United States, and that the U.S. Central Authority agrees that the [[adoption]] may proceed.'''<br />
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'''Do not attempt to [[adopt]] or obtain [[custody]] of a child in [[Burundi]] before a U.S. consular officer issues the Article 5 Letter in any [[adoption]] case. The consular officer will make a final decision about a child’s eligibility for an immigrant visa later in the [[adoption]] process.'''<br />
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'''5. [[Adopt]] the Child (or Gain [[Legal Custody]]) in [[Burundi]]:'''<br />
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'''''Remember: Before you [[adopt]] (or obtain [[Legal Custody|legal custody]] of) a child in [[Burundi]], you must have completed the above four steps. Only after completing these steps, can you proceed to finalize the [[adoption]] for the purposes of [[adoption]] in [[Burundi]].'''''<br />
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The process for finalizing the [[adoption]] in [[Burundi]] generally includes the following:<br />
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*'''Role of the [[Adoption]] Authority:''' All [[adoption]] cases are submitted to the Central Authority in the Ministry of Solidarity, Human Rights and Gender. The Central Authority is responsible for finding children eligible for intercountry [[adoption]] after reviewing documentation on each child’s identity, status as an [[orphan]] or ward, socio-economic background, medical history, education, and existing family situation/family consent. The Central Authority also is responsible for proposing matches of children in need of placement with prospective [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]], and for providing the Article 16 report on a proposed child along with the proposed match to the U.S. [[Adoption Service Provider|adoption service provider]]. Once a match is proposed and accepted at the Ministry level, it must then be approved by the local High County Court with [[jurisdiction]]. The Central Authority is also responsible for authorizing accredited U.S. [[Adoption Agencies|adoption agencies]] to provide services in adoptions from [[Burundi]].<br />
*'''Role of the Court:''' Once approval is received from the Central Authority, and the Central Authority confirms receipt of the U.S. Article 5/17 Letter, the case will be transmitted to the local High County Court with [[jurisdiction]] for ruling. The High County Court is also responsible for determining that a child was abandoned by his/her parent(s), if he/she was neglected for a period of more than one year.<br />
*'''Role of [[Adoption Agencies]]:''' The [[Adoption Service Provider|adoption service provider]] facilitates the pre-[[adoption]] counseling, submission of application for [[adoption]], [[Home Study|home study]], child assignment, and application for child's overseas [[adoption]] to the Burundian Government. The [[Adoption Service Provider|adoption service provider]] also transmits the Central Authority’s report on the child and proposed match to the prospective [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]], and if they accept the match, transmits the prospective [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]]’ consent to the Burundian Central Authority.<br />
*'''Time Frame:''' Intercountry adoptions can take between six (6) months and two (2) years to complete in [[Burundi]]. There is also a 30-day waiting period between the High County Court’s ruling and issuance of the Certificate of Non-Appeal. The certificate must be presented when [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]] apply for the child’s new birth certificate and Burundian passport.<br />
*'''[[Adoption]] Application:''' To start the Burundian [[adoption]] process, prospective [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]] or their [[Adoption Agency|adoption agency]] must contact the Burundian Central Authority. Application: The prospective [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]] file an application with the Burundian Central Authority through an accredited U.S. [[Adoption Service Provider|adoption service provider]] that is also authorized by the Burundian Central Authority. This application will include a [[Home Study|home study]] on the prospective adopting parents, and documentation of their eligibility to [[adopt]] (Form I-800A and approval notice). To indicate they accept the proposed child, the prospective [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]] must file a Deed of Acceptance and an Act of Consent to [[Adoption]] with the Burundian Central Authority. <br />
*'''[[Adoption]] Fees:''' The Department of State discourages the payment of any fees that are not properly receipted, such as "donations," or "expediting" fees, that may be requested of prospective [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]]. Such fees may be perceived as “child buying", may violate the Convention and U.S. law, and may jeopardize all future adoptions in [[Burundi]]. In the [[adoption]] services contract that you sign at the beginning of the [[adoption]] process, your agency will itemize the fees and estimated expenses related to your [[adoption]] process. Documents required include the following: <br />
::::1. Letter of [[adoption]] request addressed to Burundian Central Authority;<br />
::::2. A deed of support from the prospective [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]];<br />
::::3. Consent to the [[adoption]] by the prospective [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]];<br />
::::4. Birth certificates of prospective [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]];<br />
::::5. Law enforcement background checks of prospective [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]];<br />
::::6. Copies of passports or travel documents of prospective [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]];<br />
::::7. Medical reports of prospective [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]];<br />
::::8. Certificates of good conduct of prospective [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]];<br />
::::9. Psychological reports on prospective [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]];<br />
::::10. Certificate of family composition of the prospective [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]];<br />
::::11. Marriage certificate of the prospective [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]];<br />
::::12. Certificates of annual income of the prospective [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]];<br />
::::13. A favorable notice on [[adoption]] by the Burundian Central Authority;<br />
::::14. The medical [[records]] of the child;<br />
::::15. If the child is older than 13 years, he or she must provide written consent;<br />
::::16. Written consent of the family members of the child, if applicable;<br />
::::17. A legal notification of [[abandonment]] of the child, if applicable;<br />
::::18. A birth certificate for the child; and<br />
::::19. A social report of the child by the Burundian Central Authority.<br />
'''NOTE:''' Additional documents may be requested.<br />
*'''Authentication of Documents:''' You may be asked to provide proof that a document from the United States is authentic. If so, the Department of State, Authentications office may be able to assist. Read more about [http://www.uscis.gov/i-800 Authenticating U.S. Documents]. <br />
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'''6. Obtain a U.S. immigrant visa for your child and bring your child home'''<br />
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Now that your [[adoption]] is complete, there are a few more steps to take before you can head home. Specifically, you need to apply for three documents before your child can travel to the United States:<br />
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::1. Birth Certificate<br />
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If you have finalized the [[adoption]] in [[Burundi]], you will firstneed to apply for a birth certificate for your child so that you can later apply for a passport. Changing the name of the child to acquire the surname of the adoptive father is done at the Ministry of Justice in the Department of Legal Affairs and of Litigations.<br />
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::2. Burundian Passport<br />
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Your child is not yet a U.S. citizen, so he/she will need a travel document or passport from [[Burundi]]. Passports can only be obtained at the government agency Police of Air, Frontiers, and Foreigners. The fee for a passport is 235,000 Burundian Francs (approximately 160 USD), and applications take approximately two days to process.<br />
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::3. U.S. Immigrant Visa <br />
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After you obtain the new birth certificate and passport for your child, you also need to finalize your application for a U.S. visa for your child from the U.S. [Embassy in Nairobi, [[Kenya]]. After the [[adoption]] is granted, visit the U.S Embassy in Nairobi] for final review of the case, issuance of a U.S. Hague [[Adoption Certificate]], final approval of [[Form I-800]], and to obtain your child’s immigrant visa. This immigrant visa allows your child to travel home with you. As part of this process, the consular officer must be provided the Panel Physician’s medical report on the child if it was not provided during the provisional approval stage. Read more about the [https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/Intercountry-Adoption/Adoption-Process/how-to-adopt/medical-examination.html Medical Examination].<br />
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The Government of [[Burundi]] requires U.S. [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]] to inform the Burundian Embassy in Nairobi, [[Kenya]] that the child received his/her immigrant visa. The Burundian Embassy in [[Kenya]] can be contacted at:<br />
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'''Embassy of the Republic of [[Burundi]]'''<br />
Muthaiga Road, No. 37<br />
Coop Trust Plaza, Upper hill (off Bunyala Road)<br />
P.O. Box 61165 – 00200, Nairobi<br />
Tel: (+254) 20 310 826 / 8<br />
Fax: (+254) 20 310 827<br />
E-mail: embunai@yahoo.fr <br />
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'''Child Citizenship Act'''<br />
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'''''For adoptions finalized abroad prior to the child’s entry into the United States:''''' A child will acquire U.S. citizenship upon entry into the United States if the [[adoption]] was finalized prior to entry and the child otherwise meets the requirements of the [https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/Intercountry-Adoption/adopt_ref/adoption-FAQs/child-citizenship-act-of-2000.html Child Citizenship Act of 2000].<br />
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'''''For adoptions finalized after the child’s entry into the United States:''''' An [[adoption]] will need to be completed following your child’s entry into the United States for the child to acquire U.S. citizenship.<br />
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'''''Please be aware that if your child did not qualify to become a citizen upon entry to the United States, it is very important that you take the steps necessary so that your child does qualify as soon as possible. Failure to obtain citizenship for your child can impact many areas of his/her life in the United States including family travel, eligibility for services and education grants, and voting.''''' <br />
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Read more about the [https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/Intercountry-Adoption/adopt_ref/adoption-FAQs/child-citizenship-act-of-2000.html Child Citizenship Act of 2000].<br />
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Back to [[Adopting from Burundi]]</div>
Admin
https://adoption.com/wiki/How_to_Adopt_from_Palau
How to Adopt from Palau
2022-10-12T07:16:53Z
<p>Admin: /* The Process */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{#eimage:https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/photo_gallery/ps/images/PS_002.jpg|410x579px|thumb|'''A NASA satellite view of the island nation.'''<BR/>Source: cia.gov.}}<br />
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==Adoption Authority==<br />
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'''Palauan [[Adoption]] Authority'''<br />
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There is no specifically designated Palauan authority or agency overseeing [[adoption]] procedures. Americans [[Considering Adoption|considering adoption]] from [[Palau]] should begin by contacting a Palauan attorney to assist them in the judicial process.<br />
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<br />
==The Process==<br />
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The process for adopting a child from [[Palau]] generally includes the following steps: <br />
<br />
<br />
# Choose an [[Adoption Service Provider]] <br />
# Apply to be Found Eligible to [[Adopt]] <br />
# Be Matched with a Child <br />
# [[Adopt]] the Child (or Gain [[Legal Custody]]) in [[Palau]] <br />
# Apply for the Child to be Found Eligible for [[Adoption]] <br />
# Bring Your Child Home <br />
<br />
<br />
'''1. Choose an [[Adoption Service Provider]]''' <br />
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The first step in adopting a child from [[Palau]] is usually to select a licensed agency in the United States that can help with your [[adoption]]. [[Adoption]] service providers must be licensed by the U.S. state in which they operate. [http://adoption.state.gov/adoption_process/how_to_adopt/agencies.php Learn more] about choosing the right [[Adoption Service Provider|adoption service provider]]. <br />
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There are no [[Adoption Agencies|adoption agencies]] located in or assisting with adoptions in [[Palau]]. The U.S. Embassy in Koror strongly recommends that prospective [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]] residing outside of [[Palau]] hire a Palauan lawyer<br />
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'''2. Apply to be Found Eligible to [[Adopt]]''' <br />
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In order to [[adopt]] a child from [[Palau]], you will need to meet the requirements of the Government of [[Palau]] and U.S. immigration law. Prospective [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]] must petition the court for [[adoption]]. There is no separate authority that supervises [[adoption]].<br />
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To meet U.S. immigration requirements, you may also file an [[I-600A]], [http://www.uscis.gov/i-600a Application for Advance Processing of an Orphan Petition] with U.S. Department of Homeland Security’s U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services to be found eligible and suitable to [[adopt]]. <br />
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'''3. Be Matched with a Child''' <br />
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[[Palau]] does not have any [[adoption]] service providers or agencies, nor does it have the equivalent of a Department of Social Welfare. Prospective [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]] must locate a child for [[adoption]] on their own. . Each family must decide for itself whether or not it will be able to meet the needs of and provide a permanent home for a particular child.<br />
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The child must be eligible to be [[adopted]] according to [[Palau]]’s requirements, as described in the Who Can Be [[Adopted]] section. The child must also meet the [https://www.uscis.gov/forms/explore-my-options/orphan-adoption-process orphan adoption process] under U.S. immigration law.<br />
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<br />
'''4. [[Adopt]] the Child (or Gain [[Legal Custody]]) in [[Palau]]'''<br />
<br />
The process for finalizing the [[adoption]] (or gaining [[Legal Custody|legal custody]]) in [[Palau]] generally includes the following:<br />
<br />
<br />
*'''Role of [[Adoption]] Authority:''' There is no centralized [[adoption]] authority in [[Palau]]. Adoptions are adjudicated by the courts.<br />
<br />
*'''Role of the Court:''' Prospective [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]] must petition the Court of Common Pleas, under the [[Palau]] Supreme Court, for [[adoption]]. There is no separate authority that supervises [[adoption]]. Palauan [[adoption]] procedures are very straightforward. The prospective [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]] petition the court for [[adoption]], and if the court grants the [[adoption]], the child’s name can be changed and the child may leave the country after receiving a U.S. immigrant visa in a Palauan passport. Despite the apparent simplicity of this process, however, the U.S. Embassy in Koror strongly recommends that prospective [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]] residing outside of [[Palau]] hire a Palauan lawyer who will be able to investigate and provide to the court any and all relevant information on their background, living environment, and financial status.<br />
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*'''Role of [[Adoption Agencies]]:''' There are no [[Adoption Agencies|adoption agencies]] in [[Palau]].<br />
<br />
*'''[[Adoption]] Application:''' Prospective [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]] must petition the court for [[adoption]] (see above).<br />
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*'''Time Frame:''' The U.S. Embassy in Koror, [[Palau]] has indicated that Palauan adoptions generally take from one to two months to complete.<br />
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*'''[[Adoption]] Fees:''' Prospective [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]] should expect to pay a court filing fee in [[Palau]] of 50 USD. Prospective [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]] who hire a local attorney to assist in the [[adoption]] process will also have to pay attorneys’ fees, which vary.<br />
<br />
*'''Documents Required:''' Prospective [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]] must present the child’s original Palauan birth certificate as well as a letter of [[relinquishment]] from the child’s birth parents to the Court of Common Pleas. '''NOTE:''' Additional documents may be requested.<br />
<br />
*'''Authentication of Documents:''' You may be asked to provide proof that a document from the United States is authentic. If so, the Department of State, [https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/records-and-authentications/authenticate-your-document/office-of-authentications.html Authentications Office] may be able to assist.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''5. Apply for the Child to be Found Eligible for [[Adoption]]'''<br />
<br />
After you finalize the [[adoption]] (or gain [[Legal Custody|legal custody]]) in [[Palau]], the Department of Homeland Security, U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services must determine whether the child meets the [https://www.uscis.gov/forms/explore-my-options/orphan-adoption-process orphan adoption process] under U.S. immigration law. You will need to file a Form [[I-600]], [http://www.uscis.gov/adoption/immigration-through-adoption/orphan-process Petition to Classify Orphan as an Immediate Relative]. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''6. Bring Your Child Home'''<br />
<br />
Now that your [[adoption]] is complete (or you have obtained [[Legal Custody|legal custody]] of the child), there are a few more steps to take before you can head home. Specifically, you need to apply for several documents for your child before he or she can travel to the United States:<br />
<br />
<br />
::1. Birth Certificate <br />
<br />
[[Palau]] does not issue a new birth certificate effecting the name change after [[adoption]]. The court order confirming [[adoption]] serves as the sole evidence for changing the [[adopted]] child's name. <br />
<br />
::2. Palauan Passport<br />
<br />
Your child is not yet a U.S. citizen, so he/she will need a travel document or Passport from [[Palau]]. Application for a Palauan passport must be made in person to the Palauan Ministry of State. The fee for a Palauan passport is 50 USD. The normal processing time is one week, though expedited services may be request.<br />
<br />
::3. U.S. Immigrant Visa <br />
<br />
After you obtain the new birth certificate and passport for your child and you have filed Form [[I-600]], [http://www.uscis.gov/adoption/immigration-through-adoption/orphan-process Petition to Classify Orphan as an Immediate Relative], you then need to apply for a U.S. immigrant visa for your child from the U.S. Embassy in Manila, [[Philippines]]. This immigrant visa allows your child to travel home with you. As part of this process, the Consular Officer must be provided the Panel Physician’s [https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/Intercountry-Adoption/Adoption-Process/how-to-adopt/medical-examination.html medical report] on the child.<br />
<br />
The U.S. Embassy in Koror does not issue immigrant visas. The closest U.S. Embassy to [[Palau]] that [[processes]] immigrant visas is in Manila, [[Philippines]]. You can find instructions for applying for an immigrant visa on the [http://manila.usembassy.gov/wwwh3238.html U.S. Embassy in the [[Philippines]]]’ website.<br />
<br />
Adoptive or prospective [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]] of Palauan children should contact the U.S. Embassy in Manila as soon as they have identified a Palauan child to [[adopt]], or once they have completed all required Palauan [[adoption]] procedures. Families should not travel to Manila prior to contacting the U.S. Embassy in Manila, in the event that the embassy requires additional documentation that the parents must take with them from either [[Palau]] or the United States.<br />
<br />
'''NOTE:''' Visa issuance after the final interview generally takes at least 24 hours. It is not normally possible to provide the visa to [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]] on the same day as the immigrant visa interview. [[Adoptive Parents|Adoptive parents]] should verify current processing times with the U.S. Embassy in Manila before making final travel arrangements. <br />
<br />
To learn more about the Child Citizenship Act please read [[The Child Citizenship Act of 2000]].<br />
<br />
Back to [[Adopting from Palau]]</div>
Admin
https://adoption.com/wiki/How_to_Adopt_from_Bangladesh
How to Adopt from Bangladesh
2022-10-12T07:13:18Z
<p>Admin: /* The Process */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{#eimage:https://farm1.staticflickr.com/66/152945444_6f8787bcea_n.jpg|410x579px|thumb|'''Cox's Market.'''<BR/>Source: flickr.com.}}<br />
<br />
==Adoption Authority==<br />
<br />
'''[[Bangladesh]]’s [[Adoption]] Authority'''<br />
<br />
There is no independent central government [[adoption]] authority in [[Bangladesh]]. The Family Court has sole [[jurisdiction]] over family matters.<br />
<br />
==The Process==<br />
<br />
The process for adopting a child from [[Bangladesh]] generally includes the following steps:<br />
<br />
<br />
# Contact a lawyer in [[Bangladesh]]<br />
# Apply to be found eligible to [[adopt]]<br />
# Obtain [[custody]] of the child in [[Bangladesh]]<br />
# Obtain a No Objection Certificate from the Ministry of Home Affairs<br />
# Apply for the child’s passport<br />
# Apply to classify the [[orphan]] as an immediate relative<br />
# Apply for the child’s immigrant visa<br />
<br />
<br />
'''1. Contact a Lawyer in [[Bangladesh]]'''<br />
<br />
<br />
'''''There are no [[Adoption Agencies|adoption agencies]] in [[Bangladesh]].''''' However, there are numerous lawyers in [[Bangladesh]] who may initiate [[guardianship]] proceedings. The U.S. Embassy maintains a [http://dhaka.usembassy.gov/legal_resources.html list of attorneys] with family law experience in [[Bangladesh]]. The Embassy can provide contact information for established local charitable orphanages.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''2. Apply to be Found Eligible to [[Adopt]]'''<br />
<br />
<br />
File an [[I-600A]], [http://www.uscis.gov/i-600a Application for Advance Processing of an Orphan Petition] with U.S. Department of Homeland Security’s U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services to be found eligible and suitable to [[adopt]]. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''3. Obtain [[Legal Custody]] of Child in [[Bangladesh]]'''<br />
<br />
<br />
The process for gaining [[Legal Custody|legal custody]] in [[Bangladesh]] includes the following:<br />
<br />
<br />
*'''Role of [[Adoption]] Authority:''' There is no formal [[adoption]] authority in [[Bangladesh]].<br />
*'''Role of the Court:''' Family Courts are located in all districts of [[Bangladesh]] and generally must be contacted in person. The Family Court reviews the character and capacity of the proposed [[guardian]] to care for the child.<br />
*'''Role of [[Adoption Agencies]]:''' There are no [[Adoption Agencies|adoption agencies]] in [[Bangladesh]].<br />
*'''[[Adoption]] Application:''' Prospective [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]] seeking to gain [[guardianship]] of a Bangladeshi child must submit an application for legal [[guardianship]] to the Family Court having [[jurisdiction]] over the child’s place of residence.<br />
*'''Time Frame:''' There is no set time frame for completing legal [[guardianship]]. Below are estimated processing times for specific stages of the process:<br />
<br />
::#Processing time at an [[orphanage]] – three days to one month;<br />
::#Processing time at Family Court – one to three months;<br />
::#Processing time at the Ministry of Home Affairs – 15 days to two months.<br />
<br />
*'''[[Adoption]] Fees:''' There is a court fee of Tk. 60 (US$0.75) for filing the [[guardianship]] petition. Lawyer’s fees generally range from Tk. 5,000 to Tk. 50,000 (roughly US$85 to $850). There is no official [[orphanage]] fee.<br />
*'''Documents Required:''' The following documents are normally required by the Family Court in order to obtain [[custody]]:<br />
<br />
::#Birth certificate of the minor;<br />
::#Irrevocable release/undertaking of the sole or surviving biological parent (if any) of the child before a Notary Public, 1st Class Magistrate, or the relevant Family Court in [[Bangladesh]].<br />
<br />
*'''Authentication of Documents:''' You may be asked to provide proof that a document from the United States is authentic. If so, the Department of State, [https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/records-and-authentications/authenticate-your-document/office-of-authentications.html Authentications Office] may be able to assist.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''4. Obtain a No Objection Certificate from the Ministry of Home Affairs'''<br />
<br />
<br />
Please visit the [http://www.mofa.gov.bd/index.php?option=com_content&view=frontpage&Itemid=1 website] of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Dhaka, for information about how to obtain a No Objection Certificate.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''5. Apply for the Child’s Passport'''<br />
<br />
<br />
Your child is not yet a U.S. citizen, so he/she will need a travel document or passport from [[Bangladesh]]. For information about how to obtain a passport from the Government of [[Bangladesh]], please visit the [[Bangladesh]] Passport Office website.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''6. Apply to Classify the [[Orphan]] as an Immediate Relative'''<br />
<br />
<br />
Prospective [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]] must have an approved Form [[I-600]], [http://www.uscis.gov/i-600 Petition to Classify Orphan as an Immediate Relative], before the U.S. Embassy in Dhaka can issue an immigrant visa to the prospective adoptive child. Prospective [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]] who have a valid approved Form [[I-600A]] may submit their Form [[I-600]] to USCIS domestically, in person at Consular Section of the U.S. Embassy in Dhaka, or via email to DhakaAdoptions@state.gov. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''7. Apply for the Child’s Immigrant Visa'''<br />
<br />
<br />
After you obtain the new birth certificate and passport for your child and you have filed Form [[I-600]], [http://www.uscis.gov/i-600 Petition to Classify Orphan as an Immediate Relative], you then need to apply for a U.S. immigrant visa for your child from the U.S. Embassy in Dhaka. This immigrant visa allows your child to travel home with you. As part of this process, the Consular Officer must be provided the Panel Physician’s [https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/Intercountry-Adoption/Adoption-Process/how-to-adopt/medical-examination.html medical report] on the child.<br />
<br />
<br />
You can find instructions for applying for an immigrant visa on the [http://dhaka.usembassy.gov/immigrant_visas.html U.S. Embassy Dhaka’s website]. To schedule an interview, please email DhakaAdoptions@state.gov after you have completed steps 1 through 6.<br />
<br />
<br />
Prospective [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]] should be aware that consular officers are required by law to complete Form I-604 Determination on Child for [[Adoption]] (sometimes informally referred to as the “[[orphan]] investigation”) to verify that the child is an [[orphan]] as defined by U.S. immigration law before an immigrant visa is issued. Depending on the circumstances of a case, this investigation may take up to several weeks to complete, even if the Form [[I-600]] Petition is already approved.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''NOTE:''' Visa issuance after the [[I-600]] petition has been approved and after the visa interview generally takes at least 48 hours. It will not normally be possible to provide the visa to [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]] on the day of the interview. [[Adoptive Parents|Adoptive parents]] should verify current processing times by contacting DhakaAdoptions@state.gov before making final travel arrangements. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''Child Citizenship Act'''<br />
<br />
<br />
'''''For adoptions finalized abroad prior to the child’s entry into the United States:''''' A child will acquire U.S. citizenship upon entry into the United States if the [[adoption]] was finalized prior to entry and the child otherwise meets the requirements of the [https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/Intercountry-Adoption/adopt_ref/adoption-FAQs/child-citizenship-act-of-2000.html Child Citizenship Act of 2000].<br />
<br />
'''''For adoptions finalized after the child’s entry into the United States:''''' An [[adoption]] will need to be completed following your child’s entry into the United States for the child to acquire U.S. citizenship.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''''Please be aware that if your child did not qualify to become a citizen upon entry to the United States, it is very important that you take the steps necessary so that your child does qualify as soon as possible. Failure to obtain citizenship for your child can impact many areas of his/her life including family travel, eligibility for education and education grants, and voting.'''''<br />
<br />
<br />
Read more about the [https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/Intercountry-Adoption/adopt_ref/adoption-FAQs/child-citizenship-act-of-2000.html Child Citizenship Act of 2000].<br />
<br />
Back to [[Adopting from Bangladesh]]</div>
Admin
https://adoption.com/wiki/How_to_Adopt_from_Bangladesh
How to Adopt from Bangladesh
2022-10-12T07:09:29Z
<p>Admin: /* The Process */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{#eimage:https://farm1.staticflickr.com/66/152945444_6f8787bcea_n.jpg|410x579px|thumb|'''Cox's Market.'''<BR/>Source: flickr.com.}}<br />
<br />
==Adoption Authority==<br />
<br />
'''[[Bangladesh]]’s [[Adoption]] Authority'''<br />
<br />
There is no independent central government [[adoption]] authority in [[Bangladesh]]. The Family Court has sole [[jurisdiction]] over family matters.<br />
<br />
==The Process==<br />
<br />
The process for adopting a child from [[Bangladesh]] generally includes the following steps:<br />
<br />
<br />
# Contact a lawyer in [[Bangladesh]]<br />
# Apply to be found eligible to [[adopt]]<br />
# Obtain [[custody]] of the child in [[Bangladesh]]<br />
# Obtain a No Objection Certificate from the Ministry of Home Affairs<br />
# Apply for the child’s passport<br />
# Apply to classify the [[orphan]] as an immediate relative<br />
# Apply for the child’s immigrant visa<br />
<br />
<br />
'''1. Contact a Lawyer in [[Bangladesh]]'''<br />
<br />
<br />
'''''There are no [[Adoption Agencies|adoption agencies]] in [[Bangladesh]].''''' However, there are numerous lawyers in [[Bangladesh]] who may initiate [[guardianship]] proceedings. The U.S. Embassy maintains a [http://dhaka.usembassy.gov/legal_resources.html list of attorneys] with family law experience in [[Bangladesh]]. The Embassy can provide contact information for established local charitable orphanages.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''2. Apply to be Found Eligible to [[Adopt]]'''<br />
<br />
<br />
File an [[I-600A]], [http://www.uscis.gov/i-600a Application for Advance Processing of an Orphan Petition] with U.S. Department of Homeland Security’s U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services to be found eligible and suitable to [[adopt]]. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''3. Obtain [[Legal Custody]] of Child in [[Bangladesh]]'''<br />
<br />
<br />
The process for gaining [[Legal Custody|legal custody]] in [[Bangladesh]] includes the following:<br />
<br />
<br />
*'''Role of [[Adoption]] Authority:''' There is no formal [[adoption]] authority in [[Bangladesh]].<br />
*'''Role of the Court:''' Family Courts are located in all districts of [[Bangladesh]] and generally must be contacted in person. The Family Court reviews the character and capacity of the proposed [[guardian]] to care for the child.<br />
*'''Role of [[Adoption Agencies]]:''' There are no [[Adoption Agencies|adoption agencies]] in [[Bangladesh]].<br />
*'''[[Adoption]] Application:''' Prospective [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]] seeking to gain [[guardianship]] of a Bangladeshi child must submit an application for legal [[guardianship]] to the Family Court having [[jurisdiction]] over the child’s place of residence.<br />
*'''Time Frame:''' There is no set time frame for completing legal [[guardianship]]. Below are estimated processing times for specific stages of the process:<br />
<br />
::#Processing time at an [[orphanage]] – three days to one month;<br />
::#Processing time at Family Court – one to three months;<br />
::#Processing time at the Ministry of Home Affairs – 15 days to two months.<br />
<br />
*'''[[Adoption]] Fees:''' There is a court fee of Tk. 60 (US$0.75) for filing the [[guardianship]] petition. Lawyer’s fees generally range from Tk. 5,000 to Tk. 50,000 (roughly US$85 to $850). There is no official [[orphanage]] fee.<br />
*'''Documents Required:''' The following documents are normally required by the Family Court in order to obtain [[custody]]:<br />
<br />
::#Birth certificate of the minor;<br />
::#Irrevocable release/undertaking of the sole or surviving biological parent (if any) of the child before a Notary Public, 1st Class Magistrate, or the relevant Family Court in [[Bangladesh]].<br />
<br />
*'''Authentication of Documents:''' You may be asked to provide proof that a document from the United States is authentic. If so, the Department of State, [https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/records-and-authentications/authenticate-your-document/office-of-authentications.html Authentications Office] may be able to assist.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''4. Obtain a No Objection Certificate from the Ministry of Home Affairs'''<br />
<br />
<br />
Please visit the [http://www.mofa.gov.bd/index.php?option=com_content&view=frontpage&Itemid=1 website] of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Dhaka, for information about how to obtain a No Objection Certificate.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''5. Apply for the Child’s Passport'''<br />
<br />
<br />
Your child is not yet a U.S. citizen, so he/she will need a travel document or passport from [[Bangladesh]]. For information about how to obtain a passport from the Government of [[Bangladesh]], please visit the [[Bangladesh]] Passport Office website.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''6. Apply to Classify the [[Orphan]] as an Immediate Relative'''<br />
<br />
<br />
Prospective [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]] must have an approved Form [[I-600]], [http://www.uscis.gov/i-600 Petition to Classify Orphan as an Immediate Relative], before the U.S. Embassy in Dhaka can issue an immigrant visa to the prospective adoptive child. Prospective [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]] who have a valid approved Form [[I-600A]] may submit their Form [[I-600]] to USCIS domestically, in person at Consular Section of the U.S. Embassy in Dhaka, or via email to DhakaAdoptions@state.gov. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''7. Apply for the Child’s Immigrant Visa'''<br />
<br />
<br />
After you obtain the new birth certificate and passport for your child and you have filed Form [[I-600]], [http://www.uscis.gov/i-600 Petition to Classify Orphan as an Immediate Relative], you then need to apply for a U.S. immigrant visa for your child from the U.S. Embassy in Dhaka. This immigrant visa allows your child to travel home with you. As part of this process, the Consular Officer must be provided the Panel Physician’s [https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/Intercountry-Adoption/Adoption-Process/how-to-adopt/medical-examination.html medical report] on the child.<br />
<br />
<br />
You can find instructions for applying for an immigrant visa on the [http://dhaka.usembassy.gov/immigrant_visas.html U.S. Embassy Dhaka’s website]. To schedule an interview, please email DhakaAdoptions@state.gov after you have completed steps 1 through 6.<br />
<br />
<br />
Prospective [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]] should be aware that consular officers are required by law to complete Form I-604 Determination on Child for [[Adoption]] (sometimes informally referred to as the “[[orphan]] investigation”) to verify that the child is an [[orphan]] as defined by U.S. immigration law before an immigrant visa is issued. Depending on the circumstances of a case, this investigation may take up to several weeks to complete, even if the Form [[I-600]] Petition is already approved.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''NOTE:''' Visa issuance after the [[I-600]] petition has been approved and after the visa interview generally takes at least 48 hours. It will not normally be possible to provide the visa to [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]] on the day of the interview. [[Adoptive Parents|Adoptive parents]] should verify current processing times by contacting DhakaAdoptions@state.gov before making final travel arrangements. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''Child Citizenship Act'''<br />
<br />
<br />
'''''For adoptions finalized abroad prior to the child’s entry into the United States:''''' A child will acquire U.S. citizenship upon entry into the United States if the [[adoption]] was finalized prior to entry and the child otherwise meets the requirements of the [http://travel.state.gov/content/travel/english/legal-considerations.html Child Citizenship Act of 2000].<br />
<br />
'''''For adoptions finalized after the child’s entry into the United States:''''' An [[adoption]] will need to be completed following your child’s entry into the United States for the child to acquire U.S. citizenship.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''''Please be aware that if your child did not qualify to become a citizen upon entry to the United States, it is very important that you take the steps necessary so that your child does qualify as soon as possible. Failure to obtain citizenship for your child can impact many areas of his/her life including family travel, eligibility for education and education grants, and voting.'''''<br />
<br />
<br />
Read more about the [http://travel.state.gov/content/travel/english/legal-considerations.html Child Citizenship Act of 2000].<br />
<br />
Back to [[Adopting from Bangladesh]]</div>
Admin
https://adoption.com/wiki/Eruera_Riini_Manuera_and_Adoption
Eruera Riini Manuera and Adoption
2022-10-12T07:08:26Z
<p>Admin: /* References */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Biography==<br />
Manuera's mother was a high-ranking aristocrat of the Ngati Awa, and his father was of lower rank, although still the son of a chief. Family elders therefore cursed the couple with childlessness, and his mother had many miscarriages. They were finally told by a tohunga (expert in traditional practices) that the only way to break the curse was to give their babies away at birth. So baby Eruera was born in a makeshift thatched hut and immediately given to an aunt and uncle as a [[Tamaiti Whangai|tamaiti whangai]]. They were a poor family, but staunch members of the Ringatu religion founded by Te Kooti Arikirangi. <br />
<br />
He left school to become a farm worker, then inherited farms from both his birth and adoptive families. When his birth mother died he became head of their Te Pahipoto hapu (sub-tribe). He was a strong supporter of European education and the [[abandonment]] of traditional practices which would slow Maori development, which led to him being given the epithet He Tangata Wawahi Taha (A Destroyer of Calabashes), He spent 40 years on the board of his local school, 15 years as his chair. He was active in all areas of local affairs and a skilled if unspectacular traditional orator. <br />
<br />
He was made an MBE in 1974, and OBE in 1977, and awarded an honorary D.Litt. by Victoria University of Wellington in 1979. <br />
<br />
He married Te Pareake Te Uamairangi Kapua in 1916 and they had 15 children.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
Dictionary of [[New Zealand]] Biography. Also available at: [https://teara.govt.nz/en/photograph/43563/dictionary-of-new-zealand-biography]<br />
<br />
[[Category: Adoption Celebrities]]<br />
[[Category: Adopted Persons]]<br />
[[Category: Polynesian, Melanesian]]<br />
[[Category: New Zealand]]<br />
[[Category: 19th Century]]<br />
[[Category: 20th Century]]<br />
[[Category: Education, Teaching, Libraries]]<br />
[[Category: Government, Politics, Civil Service, Public Administration]]<br />
[[Category: Financial Problems, Poverty, Bankruptcy]]<br />
[[Category: Birth or Infancy]]<br />
[[Category: To Avoid Prophecy Fulfillment]]<br />
[[Category: Uncles and Aunts, Parents' Uncles and Aunts]]<br />
[[Category: Very Poor (Financially) Adoptive or Foster Families]]<br />
[[Category: Adoptees/Fosterees from Wealthy, Famous, Noble or Divine Birth Families]]<br />
[[Category: Parents Married (or Partnered) to Each Other]]</div>
Admin
https://adoption.com/wiki/Finding_and_Using_Postadoption_Services:_Conclusion_and_Additional_Resources
Finding and Using Postadoption Services: Conclusion and Additional Resources
2022-10-12T07:07:41Z
<p>Admin: /* Conclusion and Additional Resources */</p>
<hr />
<div>''This information was taken directly from Child Welfare Information Gateway''<br />
<br />
==Conclusion and Additional Resources==<br />
Adoption is a lifelong experience for a child and a family. It is normal to face challenges; some challenges may even appear long after the adoption has been finalized. Postadoption services are a valuable way for adoptive families to get guidance and needed support and also to find others who understand, and perhaps share, their experiences. These services bring positive results by helping address issues common to adoptive families and by promoting healthy family relationships.<br />
<br />
Child Welfare Information Gateway Parenting After Adoption website section http://www.childwelfare.gov/adoption/ adopt_parenting/<br />
<br />
[[Dave Thomas]] Foundation for Adoption<br />
Strengthening Your Forever Family: A Step-by- Step Guide for Post-Adoption http://davethomasfoundation.org/ wp-content/uploads/2011/03/DTFA-Post- Adoption-Guide.pdf<br />
<br />
Evan B. Donaldson Adoption Institute<br />
Keeping the Promise: The Critical Need for Post-Adoption Services to Enable Children and Families to Succeed: <br />
<br />
The National Resource Center for Adoption Adoption Support and Preservation Services: A Continuing Public Interest: http://www.nrcadoption.org/resources/practice-tools/<br />
<br />
<br />
Return to [[Adoption Parenting]]<br />
<br />
==Acknowledgment==<br />
The original (2006) version of this factsheet was developed by Child Welfare Information Gateway, in partnership with Susan Frievalds. This update is made possible by the Children’s Bureau, Administration on Children, Youth and Families, Administration for Children and Families, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The conclusions discussed here are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not represent the official views or [[policies]] of the funding agency, nor does the funding agency endorse the products or [[organizations]] mentioned in this factsheet.<br />
<br />
==Resource==<br />
Child Welfare Information Gateway. (2012). Finding and using postadoption services. [[Washington]], DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Children’s Bureau.</div>
Admin
https://adoption.com/wiki/Young_Adults:_Managing_Adoption_Issues
Young Adults: Managing Adoption Issues
2022-10-12T07:03:36Z
<p>Admin: /* References */</p>
<hr />
<div>''This article has been taken directly from Child Welfare Information Gateway.''<br />
[[File:Managing-Adoption-Issues.jpg|thumb|450px]]<br />
Most [[adopted]] adults overcome any [[adoption]]-related issues they experience during childhood and adolescence and are as well-adjusted as nonadopted persons (Borders et al., 2000; Corder, 2012). However, there is also significant [[research]] that suggests that many [[Adopted Persons|adopted persons]] struggle with issues such as [[grief]], [[loss]], identity development, and self-esteem. The following describes some ways that [[Adopted Persons|adopted persons]] manage these and other issues.<br />
<br />
==Support Groups==<br />
Many [[Adopted Persons|adopted persons]] are helped by support groups in which they can talk about their feelings with others who have similar experiences. The support group may provide a long-needed outlet for any lingering feelings related to the [[adoption]], such as [[loss]] or [[grief]]. In addition, support groups may provide help with the decision of whether to search for birth relatives. <br />
<br />
==Counseling==<br />
Some [[Adopted Persons|adopted persons]] may need more help than they find from family and friends or through a support group. In these instances, [[Adopted Persons|adopted persons]] may seek professional counseling. Many mental health practitioners report not having enough training in [[adoption]]-related issues, so it is important for [[adopted]] adults to find a counselor who has the requisite skills, knowledge, and outlook (e.g., the counselor does not assume all issues are related to [[adoption]]) (Baden & Wiley, 2007; Corder, 2012). Also, support groups may have experience with local counselors and be able to make a recommendation. For more information, read Selecting and Working With a Therapist Skilled in [[Adoption]], available on the Child Welfare Information Gateway website [https://www.childwelfare.gov/pubs/f_therapist.cfm. here].<br />
<br />
==Education==<br />
For many [[Adopted Persons|adopted persons]], learning about the experiences of others, whether through first-person accounts or through [[adoption]] [[research]], can be a helpful coping mechanism. There are an ever-increasing number of [[books]], articles, videos, and websites (including blogs) that focus on a wide range of [[adoption]]-related topics. [[Adopted Persons|Adopted persons]] may be reassured discovering that others who have gone through similar experiences have had similar reactions. <br />
<br />
==Conclusion==<br />
[[Adopted Persons|Adopted persons]] generally lead lives that are very similar to their nonadopted peers, but their [[adoption]] experience frequently can contribute to circumstances that the [[adopted]] person may need to overcome, such as feelings of [[loss]] and [[grief]], questions about self-identity, or a lack of information about their medical background. The increasing occurrence of [[Open Adoption|open adoption]]— and therefore the increased contact [[Adopted Persons|adopted persons]] have with their birth families— has dramatically affected the issues faced by [[Adopted Persons|adopted persons]] over the past two decades. Whereas [[Adopted Persons|adopted persons]] from a past era may have more frequently dealt with issues of secrecy and large gaps in information, persons [[adopted]] recently may more often be faced with issues related to having contact with their birth parents. Additionally, with the seemingly limitless availability of information, in large part due to the Internet, [[Adopted Persons|adopted persons]] now have access to widespread information and resources, which can greatly aid them in discovering information about their birth families or finding resources for support and encouragement. <br />
<br />
Return to [[Adoption Parenting]]<br />
<br />
[[Young Adults: Postadoption Issues]]<br />
<br />
[[Young Adults: Openness, Searching, and Access to Family History]]<br />
<br />
[[Young Adults: Additional Resources]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
Baden, A. L., & O’Leary Wiley, M. (2007). Counseling [[Adopted Persons|adopted persons]] in adulthood: Integrating [[research]] and practice. The Counseling Psychologist, 35, 868–901.<br />
<br />
Borders, L. D., Penny, J. M., & Portnoy, F. (2000). [[Adult]] adoptees and their friends: Current functioning and psychosocial well-being. Family Relations, 49, 407–418.<br />
<br />
Child Welfare Information Gateway. (2013a). Openness in [[adoption]]: Building relationships between adoptive and birth families. Retrieved from https://www.childwelfare.gov/pubs/f_openadopt.cfm.<br />
<br />
Child Welfare Information Gateway. (2013b). Working with birth and adoptive families to support [[Open Adoption|open adoption]]. Retrieved from https://www.childwelfare.gov/pubs/f_openadoptbulletin.cfm.<br />
<br />
Corder, K. (2012). Counseling [[adult]] adoptees. The Family Journal, 20, 448–452.<br />
<br />
Cubito, D. S., & Obremski Brandon, K. (2000). Psychological adjustment in [[adult]] adoptees: Assessment of distress, depression, and anger. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 70, 408–413.<br />
<br />
Curtis, R., & Pearson, F. (2010). Contact with birth parents: Differential psychological adjustment for adults [[adopted]] as infants. Journal of Social Work, 10, 347–367.<br />
<br />
Evan B. Donaldson [[Adoption]] Institute. (2009). Beyond culture camp: Promoting health identity formation in [[adoption]]. <br />
<br />
Evan B. Donaldson [[Adoption]] Institute. (2010). For the [[records]] II: An examination of the history and impact of [[adult]] adoptee access to original birth certificates. Retrieved from http://www.adoptioninstitute.org/publications/7_14_2010_ForTheRecordsII. pdf.<br />
<br />
Feigelman, W. (2005). Are adoptees at increased risk for attempting suicide? Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 32, 206–216.<br />
<br />
Grotevant, H. D. (1997). Coming to terms with [[adoption]]: The construction of identity from adolescence into adulthood. [[Adoption]] Quarterly, 1, 3–27.<br />
<br />
Grotevant, H. D., Miller Wrobel, G., Von Korff, L., Skinner, B., Newell, J., Friese, S., & McRoy, R. G. (2007). Many faces of openness in [[adoption]]: Perspectives of [[adopted]] adolescents and their parents. [[Adoption]] Quarterly, 10, 79–101.<br />
<br />
Grotevant, H. D., van Dulmen, M. H. M., Dunbar, N., Nelson-Christinedaughter, J., Christensen, M., Fan, X., & Miller, B. C. (2006). Antisocial behavior of adoptees and nonadoptees: Prediction from early history and adolescent relationships. Journal of [[Research]] on Adolescents, 16, 105–131.<br />
<br />
Howard, J. A. (2012). Untangling the web: The Internet’s transformative impact on [[adoption]]. <br />
<br />
Kohler, J. K., Grotevant, H. D., & McRoy, R. G. (2002). [[Adopted]] adolescents’ preoccupation with [[adoption]]: The impact on adoptive family relationships. Journal of Marriage and Family, 64, 93–104.<br />
<br />
Miller, B. C., Fan, X., Grotevant, H. D., Christensen, M., Coyl, D., & van Dulment, M. (2000). [[Adopted]] adolescents’ overrepresentation in mental health counseling: Adoptees’ problems or parents’ lower threshold for referral? Journal of American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 39, 1504–1511.<br />
<br />
Muller, U., & Perry, B. (2001). [[Adopted Persons|Adopted persons]]’ search for and contact with their birth parents I: Who searches and why? [[Adoption]] Quarterly, 4, 5–37.<br />
<br />
Penny, J., Borders, L. D., & Portnoy, F. (2007). Reconstruction of [[adoption]] issues: Delineation of five phases among [[adult]] adoptees. Journal of Counseling & Development, 85(1), 30–41.<br />
<br />
Powell, K. A., & Afifi, T. D. (2005). Uncertainty management and adoptees’ ambiguous [[loss]] of their birth parents. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 22, 129–151.<br />
<br />
Sharma, A. R., McGue, M. K., & Benson, P. L. (1996). The emotional and behavioral adjustment of United States [[adopted]] adolescents: Part I. An overview. Children and Youth Services Review, 18(1/2), 83–100.<br />
<br />
Siegel, D. H. (2012). Growing up in [[Open Adoption|open adoption]]: Young adults’ perspectives. Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services, 93, 133–140.<br />
<br />
Siegel, D. H., & Livingston Smith, S. (2012). Openness in [[adoption]]: From secrecy and stigma to knowledge and connections. <br />
<br />
Yoon, G., Westermeyer, J., Warwick, M., & Kuskowski, M. A. (2012). Substance use disorders and [[adoption]]: Findings from a national sample. PLoS ONE, 7. Retrieved from http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0049655.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0049655<br />
<br />
==Resource==<br />
Child Welfare Information Gateway. (2013). Impact of [[adoption]] on [[Adopted Persons|adopted persons]]. [[Washington]], DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Children’s Bureau.</div>
Admin
https://adoption.com/wiki/Young_Adults:_Postadoption_Issues
Young Adults: Postadoption Issues
2022-10-12T07:03:14Z
<p>Admin: /* References */</p>
<hr />
<div>''This article has been taken directly from Child Welfare Information Gateway.''<br />
<br />
[[Adopted Persons|Adopted persons]] may deal with a range of issues at different points in their lives.<br />
<br />
==Loss and Grief==<br />
[[File:Loss-and-Grief.jpg|thumb|450px]]<br />
The [[loss]] of birth parents as a result of [[adoption]] may set the stage for feelings of [[grief]] for many [[Adopted Persons|adopted persons]]. The<br />
[[loss]] experienced by [[Adopted Persons|adopted persons]] may be characterized as ambiguous [[loss]], or the [[loss]] of someone who still is (or who may be) alive (Powell & Afifi, 2005). This type of [[loss]] also may increase the feelings of uncertainty (e.g., “Do I resemble my biological parents?”) an [[adopted]] person feels. [[Adopted Persons|Adopted persons]] who feel secure in their [[adoption]] and have open adoptive family communication may be better able to manage their uncertainty and [[grief]] (Powell & Afifi). Additionally, [[Adopted Persons|adopted persons]] may have difficulty finding an outlet because their [[grief]] may not be recognized by others. <br />
<br />
Feelings of [[loss]] and [[grief]], as well as anger, anxiety, or fear, may especially occur during emotionally charged milestones, such as marriage, the birth of a child, or the death of a parent.<br />
<br />
[[Adopted Persons|Adopted persons]] may also suffer secondary losses. For instance, along with the [[loss]] of their birth mother and birth father, [[Adopted Persons|adopted persons]] may experience the [[loss]] of brothers and sisters, grandparents, aunts and uncles, and cousins. There also may be a [[loss]] of cultural connection or language (in cases of intercountry or transracial [[adoption]]). For those who were [[adopted]] as older children, there may be a [[loss]] of friends, foster families, pets, schools, neighborhoods, and familiar surroundings.<br />
<br />
==Identity Development==<br />
Identity formation begins in childhood and takes on increased importance and prominence during adolescence (Grotevant, 1997). [[Adoption]] is a significant aspect of identity for [[Adopted Persons|adopted persons]], even when they are adults (Evan B. Donaldson [[Adoption]] Institute, 2009). The task of identity development may be more difficult for an [[adopted]] person because of the additional issues related to [[adoption]], such as why he or she was placed for [[adoption]], what became of the birth parents, does he or she have siblings, and whether he or she resembles the birth parents in looks or in other characteristics. [[Adoption]] remains an important aspect of identity throughout adulthood, and one study described the development of [[adult]] adoptive identity as having five phases:<br />
<br />
#No awareness/denying awareness: The [[adopted]] person does not overtly acknowledge [[adoption]] issues.<br />
#Emerging awareness: The [[adopted]] person views [[adoption]] as a positive influence and recognizes some issues, but he or she is not ready to explore these issues.<br />
#Drowning in awareness: The [[adopted]] person has feelings of [[loss]], anger, and sadness about the [[adoption]].<br />
#Reemerging from awareness: The [[adopted]] person recognizes the issues related to the [[adoption]], but also sees the positive aspects and is working toward acceptance.<br />
#Finding peace: The [[adopted]] person has worked through his or her issues with the [[adoption]] and is moving toward peace and acceptance (Penny, Borders, & Portnoy, 2007).<br />
<br />
==Self Esteem==<br />
Often accompanying these issues of identity are issues of self-esteem—that is, how the [[adopted]] person feels about him or herself. A number of studies have found that, while [[Adopted Persons|adopted persons]] are similar to nonadopted persons in most ways, they often score lowers on measures of self-esteem and self-confidence (Borders, Penny, & Portnoy, 2000; Sharma, McGue, & Benson, 1996). This result may reflect the fact that some [[Adopted Persons|adopted persons]] may view themselves as different, out-of-place, unwelcome, or rejected. Some of these feelings may result from the initial [[loss]] of birth parents and from growing up away from birth parents, siblings, and [[Extended Family|extended family]] members. They also may be caused by an ongoing feeling of being different from nonadopted people who know about their genetic background and birth family and who may be more secure about their own identity as a result. Additionally, some [[Adopted Persons|adopted persons]] report that secrecy surrounding their [[adoption]] contributes to low self-esteem.<br />
<br />
==Thinking About the Adoption==<br />
The amount and degree of thought an [[adopted]] person devotes to his or her [[adoption]] may change over time and may vary based on each person’s circumstances. For example, the birth of a child to an [[adopted]] person, which may be the first experience with a biological family member, may cause the [[adopted]] person to revisit earlier issues of identity. The new parent may also be prompted to think about what his or her birth mother experienced in giving birth and what the birth mother and father may have experienced in making the [[Adoption Placement|adoption placement]] decision. [[Adopted]] adults who become new parents may be sympathetic to the difficulties of their birth parents, or they may wonder how their birth parents could ever have placed them for [[adoption]]. In a study of [[adopted]] adolescents’ thinking about [[adoption]], 13 percent never thought about [[adoption]], 54 percent thought about their [[adoption]] once a month or more, and 27 percent thought about their [[adoption]] once a week or more, with males thinking about their [[adoption]] more frequently than females (Kohler, Grotevant, & McRoy, 2002). Adolescents in [[Closed Adoptions|closed adoptions]] were no more likely to have increased frequency of thought about their [[adoption]] than those in [[Open Adoptions|open adoptions]]<br />
<br />
==Genetic Information==<br />
[[Adopted Persons|Adopted persons]] often lack birth family genetic and medical history. This information can be vitally important to the diagnosis and treatment of genetically based medical conditions (Evan B. Donaldson [[Adoption]] Institute, 2010). In addition, being asked to supply medical history information at a doctor’s appointment may make [[Adopted Persons|adopted persons]] acutely aware of how they differ from those who were not [[adopted]]. Finding out later in life that they were [[adopted]] as infants puts [[Adopted Persons|adopted persons]] at risk of misdiagnoses or other medical issues due to their long-held assumption of a family medical history that they later find is incorrect. Additionally, when [[Adopted Persons|adopted persons]] plan to get married or become a parent, they may want to know about genetic characteristics their children may inherit.<br />
<br />
In many cases, nonidentifying information, such as medical history, may be placed in the [[adoption]] file by the birth parents or agency at the time of the [[adoption]]. [[Adopted Persons|Adopted persons]] are allowed access to this nonidentifying information, which is usually at least as old as the [[adopted]] person. In some States, [[Adopted Persons|adopted persons]] can petition a judge to have their [[Adoption Records|adoption records]] opened, and some judges will agree to do so in order to provide urgently needed medical information. <br />
<br />
However, obtaining access to information provided by the birth parents at the time of the [[adoption]] may not be sufficient to provide a full medical history. For example, a birth parent, sibling, or grandparent may later develop or be diagnosed with a genetic disease or condition. It is more useful if birth parents regularly update the file that is kept with the [[Adoption Agency|adoption agency]] or attorney. Additionally, those in [[Open Adoptions|open adoptions]] may be able to get this information directly from their birth parents.<br />
<br />
For more information about the collection of and access to birth family information, see the following Child Welfare Information Gateway factsheets:<br />
<br />
*[https://www.childwelfare.gov/systemwide/laws_policies/statutes/collection.cfm Collection of Family Information About Adopted Persons and Their Birth Families]<br />
*[https://www.childwelfare.gov/systemwide/laws_policies/statutes/infoaccessap.cfm Access to Adoption Records]<br />
<br />
==Other Behavioral Health Issues==<br />
A review of the [[research]] on the mental health of [[adopted]] adults shows there is a divide about whether [[adopted]] adults’ psychological well-being is comparable to their nonadopted peers. Many studies report<br />
that [[adopted]] adults have a higher degree of mental health issues, but some researchers view these differences as minor while others view them as substantial (Baden & Wiley, 2007). Additionally, the studies are not always in agreement about what the differences are. For example, some studies cite higher rates of depression among [[adopted]] individuals than their nonadopted peers (Borders et al., 2000; Cubito & Obremski Brandon, 2000), while others have found similar levels of depression within both groups (Feigelman, 2005).<br />
<br />
Even with the split in [[research]] conclusions about [[adopted]] adults’ psychological wellbeing, most of the literature points to [[adopted]] adolescents and adults being more likely to receive counseling than their nonadopted peers (Borders et al., 2000; Miller et al., 2000). Studies comparing [[Adopted Persons|adopted persons]] to their nonadopted peers also indicate that [[adopted]] adults have similar rates of antisocial behaviors (Grotevant et al., 2006), and that [[Adopted Persons|adopted persons]] are at an increased risk of substance use disorders during their lifetime (Yoon, Westermeyer, Warwick, & Kuskowski, 2012).<br />
<br />
<br />
Return to [[Adoption Parenting]]<br />
<br />
[[Young Adults: Openness, Searching, and Access to Family History]]<br />
<br />
[[Young Adults: Managing Adoption Issues]]<br />
<br />
[[Young Adults: Additional Resources]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
Baden, A. L., & O’Leary Wiley, M. (2007). Counseling [[Adopted Persons|adopted persons]] in adulthood: Integrating [[research]] and practice. The Counseling Psychologist, 35, 868–901.<br />
<br />
Borders, L. D., Penny, J. M., & Portnoy, F. (2000). [[Adult]] adoptees and their friends: Current functioning and psychosocial well-being. Family Relations, 49, 407–418.<br />
<br />
Child Welfare Information Gateway. (2013a). Openness in [[adoption]]: Building relationships between adoptive and birth families. Retrieved from https://www.childwelfare.gov/pubs/f_openadopt.cfm.<br />
<br />
Child Welfare Information Gateway. (2013b). Working with birth and adoptive families to support [[Open Adoption|open adoption]]. Retrieved from https://www.childwelfare.gov/pubs/f_openadoptbulletin.cfm.<br />
<br />
Corder, K. (2012). Counseling [[adult]] adoptees. The Family Journal, 20, 448–452.<br />
<br />
Cubito, D. S., & Obremski Brandon, K. (2000). Psychological adjustment in [[adult]] adoptees: Assessment of distress, depression, and anger. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 70, 408–413.<br />
<br />
Curtis, R., & Pearson, F. (2010). Contact with birth parents: Differential psychological adjustment for adults [[adopted]] as infants. Journal of Social Work, 10, 347–367.<br />
<br />
Evan B. Donaldson [[Adoption]] Institute. (2009). Beyond culture camp: Promoting health identity formation in [[adoption]]. <br />
<br />
Evan B. Donaldson [[Adoption]] Institute. (2010). For the [[records]] II: An examination of the history and impact of [[adult]] adoptee access to original birth certificates. Retrieved from http://www.adoptioninstitute.org/publications/7_14_2010_ForTheRecordsII. pdf.<br />
<br />
Feigelman, W. (2005). Are adoptees at increased risk for attempting suicide? Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 32, 206–216.<br />
<br />
Grotevant, H. D. (1997). Coming to terms with [[adoption]]: The construction of identity from adolescence into adulthood. [[Adoption]] Quarterly, 1, 3–27.<br />
<br />
Grotevant, H. D., Miller Wrobel, G., Von Korff, L., Skinner, B., Newell, J., Friese, S., & McRoy, R. G. (2007). Many faces of openness in [[adoption]]: Perspectives of [[adopted]] adolescents and their parents. [[Adoption]] Quarterly, 10, 79–101.<br />
<br />
Grotevant, H. D., van Dulmen, M. H. M., Dunbar, N., Nelson-Christinedaughter, J., Christensen, M., Fan, X., & Miller, B. C. (2006). Antisocial behavior of adoptees and nonadoptees: Prediction from early history and adolescent relationships. Journal of [[Research]] on Adolescents, 16, 105–131.<br />
<br />
Howard, J. A. (2012). Untangling the web: The Internet’s transformative impact on [[adoption]]. <br />
<br />
Kohler, J. K., Grotevant, H. D., & McRoy, R. G. (2002). [[Adopted]] adolescents’ preoccupation with [[adoption]]: The impact on adoptive family relationships. Journal of Marriage and Family, 64, 93–104.<br />
<br />
Miller, B. C., Fan, X., Grotevant, H. D., Christensen, M., Coyl, D., & van Dulment, M. (2000). [[Adopted]] adolescents’ overrepresentation in mental health counseling: Adoptees’ problems or parents’ lower threshold for referral? Journal of American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 39, 1504–1511.<br />
<br />
Muller, U., & Perry, B. (2001). [[Adopted Persons|Adopted persons]]’ search for and contact with their birth parents I: Who searches and why? [[Adoption]] Quarterly, 4, 5–37.<br />
<br />
Penny, J., Borders, L. D., & Portnoy, F. (2007). Reconstruction of [[adoption]] issues: Delineation of five phases among [[adult]] adoptees. Journal of Counseling & Development, 85(1), 30–41.<br />
<br />
Powell, K. A., & Afifi, T. D. (2005). Uncertainty management and adoptees’ ambiguous [[loss]] of their birth parents. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 22, 129–151.<br />
<br />
Sharma, A. R., McGue, M. K., & Benson, P. L. (1996). The emotional and behavioral adjustment of United States [[adopted]] adolescents: Part I. An overview. Children and Youth Services Review, 18(1/2), 83–100.<br />
<br />
Siegel, D. H. (2012). Growing up in [[Open Adoption|open adoption]]: Young adults’ perspectives. Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services, 93, 133–140.<br />
<br />
Siegel, D. H., & Livingston Smith, S. (2012). Openness in [[adoption]]: From secrecy and stigma to knowledge and connections. <br />
<br />
Yoon, G., Westermeyer, J., Warwick, M., & Kuskowski, M. A. (2012). Substance use disorders and [[adoption]]: Findings from a national sample. PLoS ONE, 7. Retrieved from http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0049655.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0049655<br />
<br />
==Resource==<br />
Child Welfare Information Gateway. (2013). Impact of [[adoption]] on [[Adopted Persons|adopted persons]]. [[Washington]], DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Children’s Bureau.</div>
Admin
https://adoption.com/wiki/Young_Adults:_Additional_Resources
Young Adults: Additional Resources
2022-10-12T07:01:24Z
<p>Admin: /* References */</p>
<hr />
<div>''This article has been taken directly from Child Welfare Information Gateway.''<br />
<br />
American Adoption Congress. This nonprofit membership organization provides education, advocacy, and support for families touched by adoption. http://www.americanadoptioncongress.org/<br />
<br />
Adoptees’ Liberty Movement Association (ALMA). This nonprofit membership organization provides education, advocacy, and support for families touched by adoption. http://www.americanadoptioncongress.org/<br />
<br />
Child Welfare Information Gateway. This service of the Children’s Bureau provides information and [[publications]] about a wide range of adoption topics. It also provides adoption [[statutes]] for each State.<br />
<br />
*For [[Adopted]] People (web section) (https://www.childwelfare.gov/adoption/adopt_people/)<br />
*Searching for Birth Relatives (https://www.childwelfare.gov/pubs/f_search.cfm)<br />
*Searching for Birth Relatives (list of [[organizations]]) (https://www.childwelfare.gov/pubs/reslist/rl_dsp.cfm?svcID=132&rate_chno=AR-0031A)<br />
*Openness in Adoption: Building Relationships Between Adoptive and Birth Families (https://www.childwelfare.gov/pubs/f_openadopt.cfm)<br />
*Working With Birth and Adoptive Families to Support [[Open Adoption]] (https://www.childwelfare.gov/pubs/f_openadoptbulletin.cfm)<br />
*Laws Related to Adoption (https://www.childwelfare.gov/adoption/laws/)<br />
*Impact of Adoption on Birth Parents (https://www.childwelfare.gov/pubs/f_impact/index.cfm)<br />
*National Foster Care & Adoption Directory Search (https://www.childwelfare.gov/nfcad/) <br />
<br />
Donaldson Adoption Institute. The Adoption Institute provides information about a wide array of adoption issues. http://www.adoptioninstitute.org<br />
<br />
[[Minnesota]]/Texas Adoption [[Research]] Project. This website provides information on a longitudinal study of openness in adoption. http://www.psych.umass.edu/adoption<br />
<br />
[[Open Adoption]] Bloggers. This website lists more than 300 blogs about [[Open Adoption|open adoption]], including those by [[Adopted Persons|adopted persons]], birth parents, and [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]]. http://openadoptionbloggers.com<br />
<br />
<br />
Return to [[Adoption Parenting]]<br />
<br />
[[Young Adults: Postadoption Issues]]<br />
<br />
[[Young Adults: Openness, Searching, and Access to Family History]]<br />
<br />
[[Young Adults: Managing Adoption Issues]]<br />
<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
Baden, A. L., & O’Leary Wiley, M. (2007). Counseling [[Adopted Persons|adopted persons]] in adulthood: Integrating [[research]] and practice. The Counseling Psychologist, 35, 868–901.<br />
<br />
Borders, L. D., Penny, J. M., & Portnoy, F. (2000). Adult adoptees and their friends: Current functioning and psychosocial well-being. Family Relations, 49, 407–418.<br />
<br />
Child Welfare Information Gateway. (2013a). Openness in adoption: Building relationships between adoptive and birth families. Retrieved from https://www.childwelfare.gov/pubs/f_openadopt.cfm.<br />
<br />
Child Welfare Information Gateway. (2013b). Working with birth and adoptive families to support [[Open Adoption|open adoption]]. Retrieved from https://www.childwelfare.gov/pubs/f_openadoptbulletin.cfm.<br />
<br />
Corder, K. (2012). Counseling adult adoptees. The Family Journal, 20, 448–452.<br />
<br />
Cubito, D. S., & Obremski Brandon, K. (2000). Psychological adjustment in adult adoptees: Assessment of distress, depression, and anger. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 70, 408–413.<br />
<br />
Curtis, R., & Pearson, F. (2010). Contact with birth parents: Differential psychological adjustment for adults [[adopted]] as infants. Journal of Social Work, 10, 347–367.<br />
<br />
Evan B. Donaldson Adoption Institute. (2009). Beyond culture camp: Promoting health identity formation in adoption. <br />
<br />
Evan B. Donaldson Adoption Institute. (2010). For the [[records]] II: An examination of the history and impact of adult adoptee access to original birth certificates. Retrieved from http://www.adoptioninstitute.org/publications/7_14_2010_ForTheRecordsII. pdf.<br />
<br />
Feigelman, W. (2005). Are adoptees at increased risk for attempting suicide? Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 32, 206–216.<br />
<br />
Grotevant, H. D. (1997). Coming to terms with adoption: The construction of identity from adolescence into adulthood. Adoption Quarterly, 1, 3–27.<br />
<br />
Grotevant, H. D., Miller Wrobel, G., Von Korff, L., Skinner, B., Newell, J., Friese, S., & McRoy, R. G. (2007). Many faces of openness in adoption: Perspectives of [[adopted]] adolescents and their parents. Adoption Quarterly, 10, 79–101.<br />
<br />
Grotevant, H. D., van Dulmen, M. H. M., Dunbar, N., Nelson-Christinedaughter, J., Christensen, M., Fan, X., & Miller, B. C. (2006). Antisocial behavior of adoptees and nonadoptees: Prediction from early history and adolescent relationships. Journal of [[Research]] on Adolescents, 16, 105–131.<br />
<br />
Howard, J. A. (2012). Untangling the web: The Internet’s transformative impact on adoption. <br />
<br />
Kohler, J. K., Grotevant, H. D., & McRoy, R. G. (2002). [[Adopted]] adolescents’ preoccupation with adoption: The impact on adoptive family relationships. Journal of Marriage and Family, 64, 93–104.<br />
<br />
Miller, B. C., Fan, X., Grotevant, H. D., Christensen, M., Coyl, D., & van Dulment, M. (2000). [[Adopted]] adolescents’ overrepresentation in mental health counseling: Adoptees’ problems or parents’ lower threshold for referral? Journal of American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 39, 1504–1511.<br />
<br />
Muller, U., & Perry, B. (2001). [[Adopted Persons|Adopted persons]]’ search for and contact with their birth parents I: Who searches and why? Adoption Quarterly, 4, 5–37.<br />
<br />
Penny, J., Borders, L. D., & Portnoy, F. (2007). Reconstruction of adoption issues: Delineation of five phases among adult adoptees. Journal of Counseling & Development, 85(1), 30–41.<br />
<br />
Powell, K. A., & Afifi, T. D. (2005). Uncertainty management and adoptees’ ambiguous [[loss]] of their birth parents. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 22, 129–151.<br />
<br />
Sharma, A. R., McGue, M. K., & Benson, P. L. (1996). The emotional and behavioral adjustment of United States [[adopted]] adolescents: Part I. An overview. Children and Youth Services Review, 18(1/2), 83–100.<br />
<br />
Siegel, D. H. (2012). Growing up in [[Open Adoption|open adoption]]: Young adults’ perspectives. Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services, 93, 133–140.<br />
<br />
Siegel, D. H., & Livingston Smith, S. (2012). Openness in adoption: From secrecy and stigma to knowledge and connections. <br />
<br />
Yoon, G., Westermeyer, J., Warwick, M., & Kuskowski, M. A. (2012). Substance use disorders and adoption: Findings from a national sample. PLoS ONE, 7. Retrieved from http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0049655.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0049655<br />
<br />
==Resource==<br />
Child Welfare Information Gateway. (2013). Impact of adoption on [[Adopted Persons|adopted persons]]. [[Washington]], DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Children’s Bureau.</div>
Admin
https://adoption.com/wiki/Ethiopia_and_the_Hague_Convention
Ethiopia and the Hague Convention
2022-10-12T06:57:48Z
<p>Admin: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{#eimage:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Gondar_Fasiladas_Bath_Timket.jpg/656px-Gondar_Fasiladas_Bath_Timket.jpg|410x579px|thumb|'''Crowds gather at the Fasiladas' bath in Gondar, [[Ethiopia]], to celebrate Timket.'''<BR/>Source: Wikipedia.org.}}<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Ethiopia]] is not party to the Hague Convention on Protection of Children and Co-operation in Respect of Intercountry [[Adoption]]([http://adoption.state.gov/hague_convention/overview.php Hague Adoption Convention]). Intercountry adoptions of children from non-Hague countries are processed in accordance with [http://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?c=ecfr&rgn=div5&view=text&node=8:1.0.1.2.8&idno=8#8:1.0.1.2.8.1.1.3 8 Code of Federal Regulations, Section 204.3] as it relates to orphans as defined under the [https://www.uscis.gov/laws-and-policy/legislation/immigration-and-nationality-act Immigration and Nationality Act, Section 101(b)(1)(F)].<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Ethiopia]] participates in a Pre-[[Adoption]] Immigration Review (PAIR) program. The PAIR program requires prospective [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]] receive a preliminary determination on the child’s likely immigration eligibility prior to filing an [[adoption]] case with a court. This preliminary determination, referred to as the PAIR process, provides the foreign courts and relevant government authorities with information regarding a child’s likely eligibility to immigrate to the United States before the court enters an order establishing a permanent legal relationship between the U.S. citizen parent(s) and the child. The Ministry of Women Children and Youth Affairs (MOWCYA) will not issue an [[adoption]] approval letter to the Federal First Instance Court for entry of a final [[Adoption Decree|adoption decree]] until MOWCYA has received a letter indicating that USCIS has completed a PAIR review. To enable prospective [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]] [[adopting from Ethiopia]] to comply with [[Ethiopia]]’s new criterion, USCIS has issued a policy memo allowing prospective [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]] to file a Form [[I-600]], Petition to Classify [[Orphan]] as an Immediate Relative, before filing an [[adoption]] proceeding with Ethiopian courts. <br />
<br />
<br />
Following the receipt of a PAIR letter from USCIS and subsequent issuance of a foreign [[Adoption Decree|adoption decree]], prospective [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]] must submit the foreign [[Adoption Decree|adoption decree]] and the child’s travel and identity documents to the U.S. Embassy in Addis Ababa which will then complete the final review of their Form [[I-600]] and visa processing. If the U.S. Embassy finds the case is not clearly approvable, it will return the case to USCIS for further action. Prospective [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]] should pay special attention to the process described below as it differs from other non-Hague and Hague countries. Beginning on September 1, 2013, the Ethiopian government will require a PAIR letter from USCIS in all U.S. [[adoption]] cases. <br />
<br />
<br />
Media reports in recent years alleging direct recruitment of children from birth parents by [[adoption]] service providers or their employees remain a serious concern for the Department of State. The U.S. Embassy in Addis Ababa will continue its heightened scrutiny of [[adoption]] visa processing under the PAIR program. The required Form I-604 investigation, Determination on Child for [[Adoption]] – sometimes referred to as the [[orphan]] investigation, will still occur, but at an earlier stage in the Ethiopian [[adoption]] process. The U.S. Embassy will work with [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]] and their [[Adoption Agency|adoption agency]] to ensure that each case is processed in the most expeditious manner possible in accordance laws and regulations. <br />
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<br />
'''U.S. IMMIGRATION REQUIREMENTS FOR INTERCOUNTRY ADOPTIONS'''<br />
<br />
<br />
To bring an [[adopted]] child to the United States from [[Ethiopia]], you must meet eligibility and suitability requirements. The U.S. Department of Homeland Security, U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) determines who can [[adopt]] under U.S. immigration law. Additionally, a child must meet the definition of [[orphan]] under U.S. immigration law in order to be eligible to immigrate to the United States on an IR-3 or IR-4 immigrant visa.<br />
<br />
Back to [[Adopting from Ethiopia]]</div>
Admin
https://adoption.com/wiki/Adopting_from_Iceland
Adopting from Iceland
2022-10-12T06:55:05Z
<p>Admin: /* Contact Information */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{#eimage:https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/graphics/flags/large/ic-lgflag.gif|410x579px|thumb|'''The official flag.'''<BR/>Source: cia.gov.}}<br />
<br />
{{#eimage:https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/graphics/maps/ic-map.gif|410x579px|thumb|'''Map.'''<BR/>Source: cia.gov.}}<br />
<br />
{{#eimage:https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/graphics/locator/eur/ic_large_locator.gif|410x579px|thumb|'''Map.'''<BR/>Source: cia.gov.}}<br />
<br />
{{#eimage:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Coat_of_arms_of_Iceland.svg/567px-Coat_of_arms_of_Iceland.svg.png|410x579px|thumb|'''The official coat of arms.'''<BR/>Source: Wikipedia.org.}}<br />
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{{#eimage:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Iceland2008-Sudureyri.JPG/800px-Iceland2008-Sudureyri.JPG|410x579px|thumb|'''Sudureyri.'''<BR/>Source: Wikipedia.org.}}<br />
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{{#eimage:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Reykjavik_rooftops.jpg/800px-Reykjavik_rooftops.jpg|410x579px|thumb|'''Colorful rooftops in Reykjavik.'''<BR/>Source: Wikipedia.org.}}<br />
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{{#eimage:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Grassodenh%C3%A4user.jpg/800px-Grassodenh%C3%A4user.jpg|410x579px|thumb|'''Turf-roofed house in (Skógar).'''<BR/>Source: Wikipedia.org.}}<br />
<br />
{{#eimage:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Eyjafj%C3%B6r%C3%B0ur.jpeg/799px-Eyjafj%C3%B6r%C3%B0ur.jpeg|410x579px|thumb|'''Eyjafjörður, the longest fjord in [[Iceland]].'''<BR/>Source: Wikipedia.org.}}<br />
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{{#eimage:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Islande_-_Rekjavik_du_haut_de_la_cath%C3%A9drale.JPG/800px-Islande_-_Rekjavik_du_haut_de_la_cath%C3%A9drale.JPG|410x579px|thumb|'''Central Rekjavik.'''<BR/>Source: Wikipedia.org.}}<br />
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<br />
'''Notice: As of July 14, 2014, all individuals and agencies facilitating [[international]] adoptions must be in compliance with the Intercountry [[Universal Accreditation Act]].'''<br />
<br />
The information contained on this website is for educational purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for professional legal advice. Always seek the advice of a licensed and qualified professional. While the content of this website is frequently updated, information changes rapidly and therefore, some information may be out of date, and/or contain inaccuracies, omissions or typographical errors.<br />
<br />
<br />
=About Iceland=<br />
<br />
Settled by Norwegian and Celtic (Scottish and Irish) immigrants during the late 9th and 10th centuries A.D., [[Iceland]] boasts the world's oldest functioning legislative assembly, the Althing, established in 930. For more information please read [[About Iceland]].<br />
<br />
<br />
=Hague Convention Information=<br />
<br />
[[Iceland]] is party to the Hague Convention on Protection of Children and Co-operation in Respect of Intercountry [[Adoption]] ([http://adoption.state.gov/hague_convention/overview.php Hague [[Adoption]] Convention]). Therefore all adoptions between [[Iceland]] and the United States must meet the requirements of the Convention and U.S. law implementing the Convention. To learn more please read about [[Iceland and the Hague Convention]].<br />
<br />
<br />
=Who Can Adopt=<br />
<br />
[[Adoption]] between the United States and [[Iceland]] is governed by the Hague [[Adoption]] Convention. Therefore to [[adopt]] from [[Iceland]], you must first be found eligible to [[adopt]] by the U.S. Government. To learn more please read about [[Who Can Adopt from Iceland]].<br />
<br />
<br />
=Who Can Be Adopted=<br />
<br />
Because [[Iceland]] is party to The Hague [[Adoption]] Convention, children from [[Iceland]] must meet the requirements of the Convention in order to be eligible for [[adoption]]. For example, the Convention requires that [[Iceland]] attempt to place a child with a family in-country before determining that a child is eligible for intercountry [[adoption]]. In addition to [[Iceland]]'s requirements, a child must meet the definition of a Convention [[adoptee]] for you to bring him or her back to the United States.<br />
<br />
<br />
=How to Adopt=<br />
<br />
==Adoption Authority==<br />
<br />
'''[[Iceland]]'s [[Adoption]] Authority'''<br />
<br />
The Ministry of Judicial and Ecclesiastical Affairs - The National Commissioner on Adoptions. <br />
<br />
==The Process==<br />
<br />
Because [[Iceland]] is party to The Hague [[Adoption]] Convention, adopting from [[Iceland]] must follow a specific process designed to meet the Convention's requirements. A brief summary of the Convention [[adoption]] process is given below. You must complete these steps in the following order so that your [[adoption]] meets all necessary legal requirements.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''NOTE:''' If you filed your [[I-600A|I-600a]] with [[Iceland]] before April 1, 2008, the Hague [[Adoption]] Convention may not apply to your [[adoption]]. Your [[adoption]] could continue to be processed in accordance with the immigration regulations for non-Convention adoptions. [https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/Intercountry-Adoption/Adoption-Process/how-to-adopt/hague-transition-cases.html Learn more]. <br />
<br />
<br />
# Choose an Accredited [[Adoption Service Provider]] <br />
# Apply to be Found Eligible to [[Adopt]] <br />
# Be Matched with a Child <br />
# Apply for the Child to be Found Eligible for Immigration to the United States <br />
# [[Adopt]] the Child in [[Iceland]] <br />
# Bring your Child Home <br />
<br />
To learn more about this process please read [[How to Adopt from Iceland]].<br />
<br />
=Traveling Abroad=<br />
<br />
'''Applying for Your U.S. Passport'''<br />
<br />
A valid U.S. passport is required to enter and leave [[Iceland]]. Only the U.S. Department of State has the authority to grant, issue, or verify U.S. passports. Getting or renewing a passport is easy. To learn more please read about [[Traveling Abroad in Iceland]].<br />
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<br />
=After Adoption=<br />
<br />
[[Iceland]] does not have any post-[[adoption]] or post-placement reporting requirements at this time. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''What resources are available to assist families after the [[adoption]]?'''<br />
<br />
Many [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]] find it important to find support after the [[adoption]]. Take advantage of all the resources available to your family -- whether it's another adoptive family, a support group, an advocacy organization, or your religious or community services. <br />
<br />
<br />
Here are some good places to start your support group search:<br />
<br />
<br />
[https://www.childwelfare.gov/pubs/f_postadoption.cfm Child Welfare Information Gateway]<br />
<br />
<br />
'''NOTE:''' Inclusion of non-U.S. Government links does not imply endorsement of contents. <br />
<br />
<br />
=Contact Information=<br />
<br />
'''U.S. Embassy in [[Iceland]]'''<br />
<br />
Laufasvegur 21,<br />
101 Reykjavik, [[Iceland]]<br />
Tel: (354) 562-9100 <br />
E-mail: reykjavikconsular@state.gov <br />
<br />
<br />
'''[[Iceland]]'s [[Adoption]] Authority'''<br />
<br />
The Ministry of Judicial and Ecclesiastical Affairs <br />
Arnarhvall on Lindargata <br />
150 Reykjavik, [[Iceland]] <br />
Tel: 011-354-560-9010 <br />
Fax: 011-354-552-7340 <br />
E-mail: postur@dkm.stjr.is <br />
<br />
<br />
'''Embassy of [[Iceland]]'''<br />
<br />
1156 15 th Street N.W., Suite 1200<br />
[[Washington]], D.C. 20005-1704<br />
Tel.: (202) 265 6653<br />
E-mail: icemb.wash@mfa.is<br />
Internet: [https://www.iceland.org/ Embassy of Iceland]<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Iceland]] also has a Consulate General in [[New York]] and honorary consulates around the United States.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Office of Children's Issues'''<br />
<br />
U.S. Department of State <br />
CA/OCS/CI <br />
SA-17, 9th Floor<br />
[[Washington]], DC 20522-1709<br />
Tel: 1-888-407-4747 <br />
E-mail: AskCI@state.gov<br />
Internet: [http://adoption.state.gov U.S. Department of State]<br />
<br />
<br />
'''U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS)'''<br />
<br />
For questions about immigration procedures, call the National Customer Service Center (NCSC)<br />
<br />
1-800-375-5283 (TTY 1-800-767-1833)<br />
<br />
==SOURCE==<br />
<br />
'''Intercountry [[Adoption]], Bureau of Consular Affairs. U.S. Department of State Country Information''' [[adoption]].state.gov/country_information/country_specific_info.php?country-select=[[iceland]]<br />
<br />
[[Category: International Adoption]]</div>
Admin
https://adoption.com/wiki/Abuse_and_Neglect:_Recognizing_the_Signs_of_Abuse_and_Neglect
Abuse and Neglect: Recognizing the Signs of Abuse and Neglect
2022-10-12T06:50:54Z
<p>Admin: /* Recognizing Signs of Abuse and Neglect */</p>
<hr />
<div>''This information was taken directly from Child Welfare Information Gateway''<br />
<br />
<br />
==Recognizing Signs of Abuse and Neglect==<br />
In addition to working to prevent a child from experiencing [[abuse]] or [[neglect]], it is important to recognize high-risk situations and the signs and symptoms of [[maltreatment]]. If you do suspect a child is being harmed, reporting your suspicions may protect him or her and get help for the family. Any concerned person can report suspicions of child [[abuse]] or [[neglect]]. Reporting your concerns is not making an accusation; rather, it is a request for an investigation and assessment to determine if help is needed.<br />
<br />
Some people (typically certain types of professionals, such as teachers or physicians) are required by State law to make a report of child [[maltreatment]] under specific circumstances—these are called mandatory reporters. Some States require all adults to report suspicions of child [[abuse]] or [[neglect]]. Child Welfare Information Gateway’s publication Mandatory Reporters of Child [[Abuse]] and [[Neglect]] discusses the laws that designate groups of professionals as mandatory reporters: https://www.childwelfare.gov/systemwide/laws_policies/statutes/manda.cfm<br />
<br />
For information about where and how to file a report, contact your local child protective services agency or police department.<br />
<br />
Childhelp National Child [[Abuse]] Hotline (800.4.A.CHILD) and its website offer crisis intervention, information, resources, and referrals to support services and provide assistance in 170 languages: https://www.childhelp.org/<br />
<br />
For information on what happens when suspected [[abuse]] or [[neglect]] is reported, read Information Gateway’s How the Child Welfare [[System]] Works: https://www.childwelfare.gov/pubs/factsheets/cpswork.pdf<br />
<br />
Some children may directly disclose that they have experienced [[abuse]] or [[neglect]]. The factsheet How to Handle Child [[Abuse]] Disclosures, produced by the “Childhelp Speak Up Be Safe” child [[abuse]] prevention campaign, offers tips. The factsheet defines direct and indirect [[disclosure]], as well as tips for supporting the child: http://www.speakupbesafe.org/parents/disclosures-for-parents.pdf<br />
<br />
''The following signs may signal the presence of child [[abuse]] or [[neglect]].''<br />
<br />
<br />
'''The Child:'''<br />
*Shows sudden changes in behavior or school performance<br />
*Has not received help for physical or medical problems brought to the parents’ attention<br />
*Has learning problems (or difficulty concentrating) that cannot be attributed to specific physical or psychological causes<br />
*Is always watchful, as though preparing for something bad to happen<br />
*Lacks adult supervision<br />
*Is overly compliant, passive, or withdrawn<br />
*Comes to school or other activities early, stays late, and does not want to go home<br />
*Is reluctant to be around a particular person<br />
*Discloses [[maltreatment]]<br />
<br />
<br />
'''The Parent:'''<br />
*Denies the existence of—or blames the child for—the child’s problems in school or at home<br />
*Asks teachers or other caregivers to use harsh physical discipline if the child misbehaves<br />
*Sees the child as entirely bad, worthless, or burdensome<br />
*Demands a level of physical or academic performance the child cannot achieve<br />
*Looks primarily to the child for care, attention, and satisfaction of the parent’s emotional needs<br />
*Shows little concern for the child<br />
<br />
<br />
'''The Parent and Child:'''<br />
*Rarely touch or look at each other<br />
*Consider their relationship entirely negative<br />
*State that they do not like each other<br />
<br />
The above list may not be all the signs of [[abuse]] or [[neglect]]. It is important to pay attention to other behaviors that may seem unusual or concerning. In addition to these signs and symptoms, Child Welfare Information Gateway provides information on the risk factors and perpetrators of child [[abuse]] and [[neglect]] fatalities: https://www.childwelfare.gov/can/risk_perpetrators.cfm<br />
<br />
<br />
====Signs of Physical Abuse====<br />
''Consider the possibility of physical [[abuse]] when the child:''<br />
*Has unexplained burns, bites, bruises, broken bones, or black eyes<br />
*Has fading bruises or other marks noticeable after an absence from school<br />
*Seems frightened of the parents and protests or cries when it is time to go home<br />
*Shrinks at the approach of adults<br />
*Reports injury by a parent or another adult caregiver<br />
*Abuses animals or pets<br />
<br />
''Consider the possibility of physical [[abuse]] when the parent or other adult caregiver:''<br />
*Offers conflicting, unconvincing, or no explanation for the child’s injury, or provides an explanation that is not consistent with the injury<br />
*Describes the child as “evil” or in some other very negative way<br />
*Uses harsh physical discipline with the child<br />
*Has a history of [[abuse]] as a child<br />
*Has a history of abusing animals or pets<br />
<br />
<br />
====Signs of Neglect====<br />
''Consider the possibility of [[neglect]] when the child:''<br />
*Is frequently absent from school<br />
*Begs or steals food or money<br />
*Lacks needed medical or dental care, immunizations, or glasses<br />
*Is consistently dirty and has severe body odor<br />
*Lacks sufficient clothing for the weather<br />
*Abuses alcohol or other drugs<br />
*States that there is no one at home to provide care<br />
<br />
''Consider the possibility of [[neglect]] when the parent or other adult caregiver:''<br />
*Appears to be indifferent to the child<br />
*Seems apathetic or depressed<br />
*Behaves irrationally or in a bizarre manner<br />
*Is abusing alcohol or other drugs<br />
<br />
<br />
====Signs of Sexual Abuse====<br />
''Consider the possibility of [[Sexual Abuse|sexual abuse]] when the child:''<br />
*Has difficulty walking or sitting<br />
*Suddenly refuses to change for gym or to<br />
*participate in physical activities<br />
*Reports nightmares or bedwetting<br />
*Experiences a sudden change in appetite<br />
*Demonstrates bizarre, sophisticated, or unusual sexual knowledge or behavior<br />
*Becomes pregnant or contracts a venereal disease, particularly if under age 14<br />
*Runs away<br />
*Reports [[Sexual Abuse|sexual abuse]] by a parent or another adult caregiver<br />
*Attaches very quickly to strangers or new adults in their environment<br />
<br />
''Consider the possibility of [[Sexual Abuse|sexual abuse]] when the parent or other adult caregiver:''<br />
*Is unduly protective of the child or severely limits the child’s contact with other children, especially of the opposite sex<br />
*Is secretive and isolated<br />
*Is jealous or controlling with family members<br />
<br />
<br />
====Signs on Emotional Maltreatment====<br />
''Consider the possibility of emotional [[maltreatment]] when the child:''<br />
<br />
*Shows extremes in behavior, such as overly compliant or demanding behavior, extreme passivity, or aggression<br />
*Is either inappropriately adult (parenting other children, for example) or inappropriately infantile (frequently rocking or head-banging, for example)<br />
*Is delayed in physical or emotional development<br />
*Has attempted suicide<br />
*Reports a lack of attachment to the parent<br />
<br />
''Consider the possibility of emotional [[maltreatment]] when the parent or other adult caregiver:''<br />
<br />
*Constantly blames, belittles, or berates the child<br />
*Is unconcerned about the child and refuses to consider offers of help for the child’s problems<br />
*Overtly rejects the child<br />
<br />
<br />
Continue to [[Abuse and Neglect: The Impact of Childhood Trauma on Wellbeing]]<br />
<br />
Return to [[Special Needs]]<br />
<br />
==Acknowledgment==<br />
This updated factsheet is based on a previous publication that was adapted, with permission, from Recognizing Child [[Abuse]]: What Parents Should Know. Prevent Child [[Abuse]] America. ©2003.<br />
<br />
==Reference==<br />
Child Welfare Information Gateway. (2013). What is child [[abuse]] and [[neglect]]? Recognizing the signs and symptoms. [[Washington]], DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Children’s Bureau.</div>
Admin
https://adoption.com/wiki/Scott_Hamilton
Scott Hamilton
2022-10-12T06:49:57Z
<p>Admin: /* References */</p>
<hr />
<div>Hamilton was adopted at six weeks of age by two university professors, joining an older born-to daughter. Later his family adopted another son. <br />
<br />
He stopped growing when he was three or four years old, and spent four or five years going the rounds of doctors and hospitals in an attempt to diagnose his condition. Several diagnoses were made, including cystic fibrosis and Schwachman-Diamond syndrome, but none was correct, and he was put on a number of different diets to correct the problem, which was an inability of his body to absorb nutrients. When he was nine, however, the problem simply went away and he began to grow again, although he never grew to be more than 5' 3½" (1.61m) tall and 108 lb. (49kg). His mother died in 1977. <br />
<br />
He began skating when he was nine and became a champion at 22, winning 16 championships in a row. He won the Olympic gold medal in 1984 and the World Championships in 1981-84. He has been elected to the Figure Skating Hall of Fame and received the Jacques Favart Award, the highest award of the International Skating Union. Since 1984 he has been a professional entertaining skater and is very involved in medical charities for children. In 1997 he was diagnosed with testicular cancer and is undergoing chemotherapy. <br />
<br />
As a boy he once asked his mother who his birth parents might be, and her hurt response has put him off making any further enquiries.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
Dever, Maria, and Dever, Aileen. Relative Origins: Famous Foster and Adopted People. (Portland: National Book Company, 1992)<br />
Microsoft Encarta 98 Encyclopedia, 1993-97<br />
Who's Who in America, 1996<br />
Shaughnessy, Linda. Scott Hamilton: Fireworks on Ice. (Parsippany: Crestwood House, 1998) (Figure Skaters)<br />
Steere, Michael. Scott Hamilton: A Behind-the-Scenes Look at the Life and Competitive Times of America's Favorite Figure Skaters: An Unauthorized Biography. (New York: St. Martins Press, 1985)<br />
"Hamilton, Scott," Current Biography Yearbook, 1985<br />
"Joelle's Scott Hamilton Fan Page." [Includes portraits].<br />
<br />
== Indexes ==<br />
[[Category: Adopted Persons]]</div>
Admin
https://adoption.com/wiki/Adopting_from_Mexico
Adopting from Mexico
2022-10-12T06:45:28Z
<p>Admin: /* Contact Information */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{#eimage:https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/graphics/flags/large/mx-lgflag.gif|410x579px|thumb|'''The official flag.'''<BR/>Source: cia.gov.}}<br />
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{{#eimage:https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/graphics/maps/mx-map.gif|410x579px|thumb|'''Map.'''<BR/>Source: cia.gov.}}<br />
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{{#eimage:https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/graphics/locator/noa/mx_large_locator.gif|410x579px|thumb|'''Map.'''<BR/>Source: cia.gov.}}<br />
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{{#eimage:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Catedral_Metropolitana_de_la_ciudad_de_M%C3%A9xico_1.JPG/800px-Catedral_Metropolitana_de_la_ciudad_de_M%C3%A9xico_1.JPG|410x579px|thumb|'''[[Mexico]] City Cathedral.'''<BR/>Source: Wikipedia.org.}}<br />
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{{#eimage:https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3224/2605672790_2ee83af1ca.jpg|410x579px|thumb|'''Puebla.'''<BR/>Source: flickr.com.}}<br />
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{{#eimage:https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5517/11456621234_970b766fc4.jpg|410x579px|thumb|'''Maya children, Chiapas.'''<BR/>Source: flickr.com.}}<br />
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{{#eimage:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/El_Castillo_Stitch_2008_Edit_2.jpg/800px-El_Castillo_Stitch_2008_Edit_2.jpg|410x579px|thumb|'''Chichen Itza.'''<BR/>Source: Wikipedia.org.}}<br />
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{{#eimage:https://farm5.staticflickr.com/4030/4541328296_61b3607124.jpg|410x579px|thumb|''''''<BR/>Source: flickr.com.}}<br />
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{{#eimage:https://farm5.staticflickr.com/4105/5062573765_52212c9d2b.jpg|410x579px|thumb|'''A young Mexican boy.'''<BR/>Source: flickr.com.}}<br />
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{{#eimage:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Baja_California_Desert.jpg/750px-Baja_California_Desert.jpg|410x579px|thumb|'''Baja [[California]] Desert.'''<BR/>Source: Wikipedia.org.}}<br />
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{{#eimage:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Tarahumara.jpg/794px-Tarahumara.jpg|410x579px|thumb|'''Tarahumara women near Lake Arareco.'''<BR/>Source: Wikipedia.org.}}<br />
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{{#eimage:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Puerto_Vallarta_cathedral_1.jpg/427px-Puerto_Vallarta_cathedral_1.jpg|410x579px|thumb|'''Puerto Vallarta cathedral in Puerto Vallarta.'''<BR/>Source: Wikipedia.org.}}<br />
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{{#eimage:https://farm7.staticflickr.com/6068/6160817604_96dbcaa8e1.jpg|410x579px|thumb|'''A traditional Mexican folkdancer.'''<BR/>Source: flickr.com.}}<br />
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'''Notice: As of July 14, 2014, all individuals and agencies facilitating [[international]] adoptions must be in compliance with the Intercountry [[Universal Accreditation Act]].'''<br />
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The information contained on this website is for educational purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for professional legal advice. Always seek the advice of a licensed and qualified professional. While the content of this website is frequently updated, information changes rapidly and therefore, some information may be out of date, and/or contain inaccuracies, omissions or typographical errors.<br />
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<br />
=About Mexico=<br />
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The site of several advanced Amerindian civilizations - including the Olmec, Toltec, Teotihuacan, Zapotec, Maya, and Aztec - [[Mexico]] was conquered and colonized by [[Spain]] in the early 16th century. Administered as the Viceroyalty of New [[Spain]] for three centuries, it achieved its independence early in the 19th century. To learn more please read [[About Mexico]].<br />
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=Mexico Adoption Alert=<br />
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There have been multiple [[adoption]] alerts for [[Mexico]] over the years. To learn more please read the [[Mexico Adoption Alert]] page.<br />
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=Hague Convention Information=<br />
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'''WARNING:''' [[Mexico]] is party to the Hague [[Adoption]] Convention. Do not [[adopt]] or obtain [[Legal Custody|legal custody]] of a child in [[Mexico]] before a U.S. consular officer issues an “Article 5 Letter.” See the “How to [[Adopt]]” section for more information.<br />
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[[Mexico]] is party to the Hague Convention on Protection of Children and Co-operation in Respect of Intercountry [[Adoption]] ([http://adoption.state.gov/hague_convention/overview.php Hague Adoption Convention]). To learn more please read about [[Mexico and the Hague Convention]].<br />
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=Who Can Adopt=<br />
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[[Adoption]] between the United States and [[Mexico]] is governed by the Hague [[Adoption]] Convention. Therefore, to [[adopt]] from [[Mexico]], you must first be found eligible to [[adopt]] by the U.S. Government. To learn more please read about [[Who Can Adopt from Mexico]].<br />
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=Who Can Be Adopted=<br />
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Because [[Mexico]] is party to the Hague [[Adoption]] Convention, children from [[Mexico]] must meet the requirements of the Convention in order to be eligible for [[adoption]]. To learn more please read about [[Who Can Be Adopted from Mexico]].<br />
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=How to Adopt=<br />
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==Adoption Authority==<br />
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'''Mexican Central Authority'''<br />
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The Mexican Central Authority for Adoptions is the Secretary for Exterior Relations, or the Secretaria de Relaciones Exteriores (SRE). The SRE is responsible for policy and issues key documentation certifying Hague compliance, including the Article 23 Certificate that the [[adoption]] or grant of [[custody]] occurred in compliance with the Convention. The SRE implements the Hague Convention through the National [[System]] for the Full Development of the Family, or the Sistema Nacional de Desarollo Integral de la Familia (DIF). The DIF is a public institution in [[Mexico]] in charge of implementing national [[policies]] on all matters pertaining to the family, and the implementation of [[domestic]] and intercountry adoptions resides in their purview, along with final execution of adoptions through the legal [[system]].<br />
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==The Process==<br />
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Because [[Mexico]] is party to the Hague [[Adoption]] Convention, adopting from [[Mexico]] must follow a specific process designed to meet the Convention's requirements. A brief summary of the Convention [[adoption]] process is given below. You must complete these steps in the following order to meet all necessary legal requirements for [[adoption]].<br />
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NOTE: If you filed your [[I-600A]] with [[Mexico]] before April 1, 2008, the Hague [[Adoption]] Convention may not apply to your [[adoption]]; it could continue to be processed in accordance with the immigration regulations for non-Convention adoptions. <br />
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# Choose an Accredited [[Adoption Service Provider]] <br />
# Apply to be Found Eligible to [[Adopt]] <br />
# Be Matched with a Child <br />
# Apply for the Child to be Found Eligible for [[Adoption]] <br />
# [[Adopt]] the Child in [[Mexico]] <br />
# Bring your Child Home <br />
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To learn more about this process please read [[How to Adopt from Mexico]].<br />
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=Traveling Abroad=<br />
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'''Applying for Your U.S. Passport'''<br />
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A valid U.S. passport is required to enter and leave [[Mexico]]. Only the U.S. Department of State has the authority to grant, issue, or verify U.S. passports. To learn more please read about [[Traveling Abroad in Mexico]].<br />
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=After Adoption=<br />
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'''What does [[Mexico]] require of the [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]] after the [[adoption]]?''' <br />
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We strongly urge you to comply with the wishes of [[Mexico]] and complete all post-[[adoption]] requirements in a timely manner. Your [[Adoption Agency|adoption agency]] may be able to help you with this process. Your cooperation will contribute to [[Mexico]]'s history of positive experiences with American parents.<br />
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'''What resources are available to assist families after the [[adoption]]?'''<br />
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Many [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]] find it important to find support after the [[adoption]]. Take advantage of all the resources available to your family - whether it's another adoptive family, a support group, an advocacy organization, or your religious or community services.<br />
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Here are some good places to start your support group search:<br />
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[https://www.childwelfare.gov/pubs/f_postadoption.cfm Child Welfare Information Gateway] <br />
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[http://www.nacac.org/ North American Council on Adoptable Children] <br />
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'''NOTE:''' Inclusion of non- U.S. Government links does not imply endorsement of contents.<br />
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=Contact Information=<br />
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'''U.S. Embassy in [[Mexico]]'''<br />
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Paseo de la Reforma 305 <br />
Colonia Cuauhtémoc <br />
06500 [[Mexico]], D.F. <br />
Tel: 011-52-55-50-80-2000. <br />
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'''Mexican Central Authority'''<br />
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Secretaria de Relaciones Exteriores (SRE) <br />
Dirección de Derecho de la Familia <br />
Website: [http://www.sre.gob.mx/english/ Mexican Central Authority]<br />
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'''Sistema Nacional Para El Desarrollo Integral de la Familia (DIF)'''<br />
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'''Embassy of [[Mexico]]'''<br />
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Consular Section <br />
2827 16th Street, NW <br />
[[Washington]], D.C. 20009-4260 <br />
Tel: (202) 736-1000 <br />
Website: [http://www.sre.gob.mx Embassy of Mexico]<br />
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'''NOTE:''' [[Mexico]] also has consulates General in Atlanta, Chicago, Dallas, Denver, El Paso, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New Orleans, [[New York]], San Antonio, San Diego, San Francisco, and Hato Rey, Puerto Rico. <br />
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'''Office of Children's Issues'''<br />
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U.S. Department of State <br />
CA/OCS/CI <br />
SA-17, 9th Floor<br />
[[Washington]], DC 20522-1709<br />
Tel: 1-888-407-4747 <br />
E-mail: AskCI@state.gov or [[Adoption]] USCA@state.gov <br />
Website: [http://adoption.state.gov U.S. Department of State]<br />
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'''U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS)'''<br />
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For questions about immigration procedures, contact the National Customer Service Center (NCSC) at <br />
1-800-375-5283 (TTY 1-800-767-1833).<br />
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For questions on filing an I-800A and I-800 under the Hague [[Adoption]] Convention: <br />
USCIS, National Benefits Center (Hague process): <br />
NBC.Hague@DHS.gov <br />
Telephone: 1-877-424-8374 (toll free); 1-816-251-2770 (local)<br />
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==SOURCE==<br />
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'''Intercountry [[Adoption]], Bureau of Consular Affairs. U.S. Department of State Country Information''' adoption.state.gov/country_information/country_specific_info.php?country-select=mexico<br />
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[[Category: International Adoption]]</div>
Admin
https://adoption.com/wiki/Botswana_and_the_Hague_Convention
Botswana and the Hague Convention
2022-10-11T14:46:12Z
<p>Admin: </p>
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<div>{{#eimage:https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/graphics/flags/large/bc-lgflag.gif|410x579px|thumb|'''The official flag.'''<BR/>Source: cia.gov.}}<br />
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[[Botswana]] is not party to the Hague Convention on Protection of Children and Co-operation in Respect of Intercountry [[Adoption]](the [http://adoption.state.gov/hague_convention/overview.php Hague Adoption Convention]). Intercountry adoptions of children from non-Hague countries are processed in accordance with [http://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?c=ecfr&rgn=div5&view=text&node=8:1.0.1.2.8&idno=8#8:1.0.1.2.8.1.1.3 8 Code of Federal Regulations], Section 204.3 as it relates to orphans as defined under the [https://www.uscis.gov/laws-and-policy/legislation/immigration-and-nationality-act Immigration and Nationality Act], Section 101(b)(1)(F).<br />
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'''NOTE:''' The Ministry of Local Government maintains a list of families (currently over 200 families, both citizens and foreigners) who wish to [[adopt]] children. Currently, this list is much longer than the number of available children and families can wait many months or years before being matched. <br />
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Prospective [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]] must foster a prospective adoptive child for a period of six months in [[Botswana]] before they may conclude a full and final [[adoption]]. Once a child is legally [[adopted]] in [[Botswana]], the [[Adoptive Parents|adoptive parents]] must remain in [[Botswana]] with the child for a period of 12 months before they can legally remove the child to a different country. The Ministry of Local Government will grant exceptions in cases where there is a compelling reason (such as employment or schooling) for the adoptive family to depart [[Botswana]]. This legal requirement makes intercountry adoptions from [[Botswana]] extremely difficult for anyone other than long term residents. In traditional Setswana culture, [[adoption]] is neither common nor a preferred option for orphans or abandoned children. Extended families usually assume the role left to the state in many other countries. The Government of [[Botswana]] does not prefer these unofficial arrangements, and is currently re-writing the [[Adoption]] Act of 1952 in order to implement clear and compulsory legal procedures for [[custody]], [[guardianship]], and [[adoption]] of minors.<br />
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'''U.S. IMMIGRATION REQUIREMENTS FOR INTERCOUNTRY ADOPTIONS'''<br />
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To bring an [[adopted]] child to the United States from [[Botswana]], you must meet [http://adoption.state.gov/adoption_process/who_can_adopt/eligibility.php eligibility and suitability requirements]. The U.S. Department of Homeland Security, U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) determines [http://adoption.state.gov/adoption_process/who.php Who Can Adopt] under U.S. immigration law.<br />
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Additionally, a child must meet the [http://adoption.state.gov/adoption_process/how_to_adopt/childeligibility.php definition of orphan] under U.S. law in order to be eligible to immigrate to the United States on an IR-3 or IR-4 immigrant visa.<br />
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Back to [[Adopting from Botswana]]</div>
Admin