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Well, it is possible to be turned down if it is shown that you don't have the financial resources available to take care of a child.
But every state/county/agency seems to have different ways of determining what financial resources you have. I haven't heard of anyone being turned down when a lot of debt was the only issue. You just have to show that you have enough money to take care of the debt and a new child too. Most places accept debt to income ratio, tax returns and proof of income, or other financial information.
Hope that helps!
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Debt, in and of itself, usually isn't a cause for being turned down. A SW or agency should really be looking at the overall financial picture. I have worked with many families who have considerable debt, but also considerable assets. Still, families in a precarious financial situation can be turned down, and the definition of this varies.
I focus mostly on monthly cash flow - income vs. debt payments and other fixed or commonly recurring expenses. As DianeS said, there has to be enough income to cover current outgo, as well as the additional expenses of adoption and caring for another child. We usually give people the benefit of the doubt in this area because parents tend to find a way to provide for their children.